Ababhali baye baphonononga iinkcukacha zeprojekthi yamandla amatsha amaxesha ngamaxesha, apho abaqulunqi bezityalo ngokuqhelekileyo bakhetha i-304 okanye i-316 yensimbi engenasici kwi-condenser kunye ne-tubing encedisayo yokutshintsha ubushushu. Kwabaninzi, igama elithi stainless steel conjures i-aura ye-corrosion engenakunqotshwa, xa enyanisweni, iintsimbi ezingenasici ngamanye amaxesha zinokuthi zibe yinto engafanelekanga kakhulu kwi-incorrosion, kwaye iyancitshiswa kakhulu yi-incorrosion yendawo. ukufumaneka kwamanzi amatsha okupholisa ukwakheka kwamanzi, kudityaniswa neenqaba zokupholisa ezisebenza kwimijikelo ephezulu yoxinaniso, iindlela ezinokuthi zingaphumeleli intsimbi engenastainless ziyandiswa.Kwezinye izicelo, ii-300 series steel stainless steel ziya kuphila kuphela iinyanga, ngamanye amaxesha iiveki kuphela, phambi kokuba zisilele.Eli nqaku ligxininisa ubuncinane kwimiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa ukhetha izixhobo ze-tube condenser kwi-condenser tube material kwi-partime ye-tube edlalayo kwi-partiture ye-tube edlalwayo kwi-partiture ye-tube yokucoca emanzini. amandla ezinto eziphathekayo, iipropati zokutshintshwa kobushushu, kunye nokuchasana nemikhosi yomatshini, kuquka ukukhathala kunye nokuguguleka komhlaba.
Ukongeza i-12% okanye ngaphezulu kwe-chromium kwintsimbi ibangela ukuba i-alloy yenze i-oxide eqhubekayo ekhusela isiseko sesinyithi esingaphantsi.Ngoko ke igama elithi stainless steel.Ngokungabikho kwezinye izinto zokudibanisa (ingakumbi i-nickel), i-carbon steel iyingxenye yeqela le-ferrite, kwaye iyunithi yayo yeyunithi inomzimba-egxile kwi-cubic (BCC) isakhiwo.
Xa i-nickel yongezwa kumxube we-alloy kwi-concentration ye-8% okanye ngaphezulu, nakwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, iseli iya kubakho kwi-cubic face-centered (FCC) isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yi-austenite.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile ye-1, i-300 ichungechunge lwezinsimbi ezingenasici kunye nezinye i-stainless steels zinomxholo we-nickel ovelisa isakhiwo se-austenitic.
Iintsimbi ze-Austenitic zingqineke zixabiseke kakhulu kwizicelo ezininzi, kubandakanywa njengesixhobo se-superheater ephezulu kunye neetyhubhu zokufudumeza kwi-boilers zamandla.Uluhlu lwe-300 ngokukodwa luhlala lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo semibhobho yokutshintshiselana kobushushu obuphantsi, kubandakanywa ne-condensers yomphezulu womphunga.
Ubunzima obuphambili ngensimbi engenasici, ngokukodwa izinto ezithandwayo ze-304 kunye ne-316, kukuba i-oxide ye-oxide ekhuselayo ihlala itshatyalaliswa ngokungcola emanzini okupholisa kunye neengqungquthela kunye neediphozithi ezinceda ukugxila kwizinto ezingcolileyo.
Ukungcola kwamanzi okupholisa okuqhelekileyo, kunye nenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ukususa ngokwezoqoqosho, i-chloride.Le ion ingabangela iingxaki ezininzi kwiijeneretha ze-steam, kodwa kwi-condensers kunye nabatshintshisi bokushisa abancedisayo, ubunzima obunzima kukuba i-chlorides ekugxininiseni okwaneleyo inokungena kwaye itshabalalise i-oxide ekhuselayo kwinsimbi engenasici, ebangela i-corrosion yendawo, ie.
Ukugqobhoza yenye yeendlela ezichuliweyo zokubola kuba kunokubangela ukungena eludongeni kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo kunye nelahleko encinci yentsimbi.
Ukugxininiswa kwekloridi akufuneki kube phezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukubola kwe-pitting kwi-304 kunye ne-316 yensimbi engenasici, kunye neendawo ezicocekileyo ezingenazo iidiphozithi okanye iintanda, ugxininiso oluphakanyisiweyo lwe-chloride ngoku luthathwa njengolu:
Izinto ezininzi zinokuvelisa ngokulula ukugxilwa kwekloridi ezidlula ezi zikhokelo, zombini ngokubanzi kunye nakwiindawo ezihlala kwindawo.Kuye kwaba yinto enqabileyo kakhulu ukuqala ukuqwalasela kanye-ngokupholisa kwizityalo zamandla amatsha.Ininzi yakhiwe ngeenqaba zokupholisa, okanye kwezinye iimeko, i-condensers epholileyo emoyeni (ACC) I-chloride concentration ye-50 mg/l isebenza ngemijikelo emihlanu yoxinaniso, kwaye isiqulatho sekloridi yamanzi ajikelezayo yi-250 mg/l. Oku kukodwa kufanele ngokuqhelekileyo kukhuphe i-304 SS. Ukongeza, kwizityalo ezitsha nezikhoyo, kukho imfuneko eyandayo yokutshintsha amanzi amatsha ukuze kutshajwe ngokutsha isityalo.Enye indlela eqhelekileyo ngamanzi amdaka kamasipala.
Qaphela amanqanaba e-chloride eyongeziweyo (kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, ezifana ne-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus, enokunyusa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwe-microbial kwiinkqubo zokupholisa).
Ingxoxo eyandulelayo isekelwe kumandla okubola kweendawo eziqhelekileyo zesinyithi.Izahlulo kunye nentlenga zitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ibali, njengoko zombini zibonelela ngeendawo apho ukungcola kunokugxila khona.Indawo eqhelekileyo yokuqhekeka koomatshini kwi-condensers kunye nokutshintshana kobushushu okufanayo kwi-tube-to-tube sheet junctions.Intlenga ngaphakathi kwityhubhu inokudala iintanda kwindawo yentlenga kwaye isebenze njengomda wentlenga ngokwawo. ungcoliseko.Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba insimbi engenasici ixhomekeke kwinqanaba eliqhubekayo le-oxide yokukhusela, iidiphozithi zinokwenza iindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo ze-oksijeni eziguqula indawo eseleyo yensimbi ibe yi-anode.
Le ngxoxo ingasentla ichaza imiba abayili bezityalo abayiqwalaselayo xa bechaza i-condenser kunye nezixhobo zokutshintsha ubushushu ezincedisayo kwiiprojekthi ezintsha. Ingqondo malunga ne-304 kunye ne-316 SS ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala ngathi "yiloo nto besisoloko siyenza" ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iziphumo zezenzo ezinjalo.Izinto ezizezinye ziyafumaneka ukujongana neemeko zamanzi zokupholisa ngokukrakra.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuxoxwe ngezinye isinyithi, enye ingongoma kufuneka ichazwe ngokufutshane.Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-316 SS okanye i-304 SS iqhube kakuhle ngexesha lokusebenza kwesiqhelo, kodwa ayiphumelelanga ngexesha lokucima kombane.Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusilela kubangelwa kukukhupha okungahambi kakuhle kwecondenser okanye umtshintshisi wobushushu obangela amanzi amileyo kwimibhobho.Le bume ibonelela ngeemeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhula kwe-microorganisms cormsions kwi-Microorganismsrode ngqo ukuvelisa i-microorganisms cormions. isinyithi se-tubular.
Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-corrosion ye-microbially induced (MIC), iyaziwa ngokutshabalalisa imibhobho yensimbi engenasici kunye nezinye izinyithi kwiiveki.Ukuba umtshintshi wokushisa awukwazi ukuchithwa, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngokucokisekileyo ukujikeleza kwamanzi ngokutshintsha ubushushu kunye nokongeza i-biocide ngexesha lenkqubo. 4-6, 2019 kwi-Champaign, IL Inikezelwe kwi-39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Kwiimekobume ezingqwabalala eziphawulwe ngasentla, kunye neendawo ezingqongqo ezifana namanzi amtyuba okanye amanzi olwandle, ezinye iintsimbi zingasetyenziselwa ukugxotha ukungcola.Amaqela amathathu engxubevange angqineke aphumelele, i-titanium esulungekileyo yorhwebo, i-6% molybdenum austenitic stainless steel kunye ne-superferritic stainless steel. isakhiwo sayo sekristale esine-hexagonal esivaliweyo kunye nemodyuli e-elastiki ephantsi kakhulu yenza ukuba ichaphazeleke kumonakalo owenziwe ngoomatshini.Le ingxubevange ifaneleke kakhulu kufakelo olutsha kunye nezakhiwo zokuxhasa ityhubhu eyomeleleyo.Enye ebalaseleyo yintsimbi ye-ferritic stainless Sea-Cure®.Ukwakheka kwesi sixhobo kuboniswe ngezantsi.
Intsimbi iphezulu kwi-chromium kodwa iphantsi kwe-nickel, ngoko ke i-ferritic insimbi engenasici kunokuba i-austenitic stainless steel.Ngenxa yomxholo wayo we-nickel ephantsi, ixabisa ngaphantsi kakhulu kunezinye i-alloys.Amandla aphezulu e-Sea-Cure kunye ne-elastic modulus ivumela iindonga ezinqabileyo kunezinye izinto, okubangelwa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obuphuculweyo.
Iipropati eziphuculweyo zezi zinyithi ziboniswa kwitshati “yePitting Resistance Equivalent Number” itshati, ethi, njengoko negama libonisa, yinkqubo yokuvavanya esetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuxhathisa kwesinyithi esahlukileyo kwi-corrosion.
Omnye weyona mibuzo ixhaphakileyo ngulo "Yintoni eyona nto iphezulu yekloridi enokunyamezela ibakala elithile lensimbi engenasici?" Iimpendulo ziyahluka ngokubanzi.Iizinto zibandakanya i-pH, ubushushu, ubukho kunye nohlobo lweefractures, kunye nokwenzeka kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo.Isixhobo songeziwe kwi-axis efanelekileyo ye-Figure 5 ukunceda kwesi sigqibo.Isekelwe kwi-pH engathathi hlangothi, i-35 ° C ehamba ngamanzi ahambayo ngokuqhelekileyo afunyenwe kwi-BOP ezininzi kunye nezicelo ze-condensation (ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwediphozithi kunye nokuqulunqwa kwekhemikhali ekhethiweyo, i-PREL formation inokukhethwa kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezikhethiweyo). kwaye emva koko udibanise ne-slash efanelekileyo.Inqanaba eliphezulu lekloridi elicetyiswayo linokuthi emva koko limiselwe ngokuzoba umgca othe tye kwi-axis yasekunene.Ngokuphangaleleyo, ukuba i-alloy iza kuqwalaselwa kwi-brackish okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi olwandle, kufuneka ibe ne-CCT engaphezu kwama-25 degrees Celsius njengoko ilinganiswe ngovavanyo lwe-G 48.
Kucacile ukuba i-alloys super ferritic emelwe yi-Sea-Cure® ifanelekile ngokubanzi nakwizicelo zamanzi olwandle.Kukho enye inzuzo kwezi zixhobo ekufuneka igxininiswe.Iingxaki zokubola kweManganese ziye zabonwa kwi-304 kunye ne-316 SS iminyaka emininzi, kubandakanywa kwizityalo ezingase-Ohio River.Kutshanje, abatshintshisi bobushushu kwizityalo ezisecaleni kweMilambo yeManganese baye bahlaselwa yingxaki eqhelekileyo yaseMississippi. Iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwamanzi kakuhle.Indlela yokuhlwa ichongwe njengemanganese diokside (MnO2) esabela nge-oxidizing biocide ukuvelisa i-hydrochloric acid phantsi kwediphozithi.HCl yeyona nto ihlasela isinyithi.[WH Dickinson and RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry"; ezithiwe thaca kwiNkomfa yoNyaka ka-2002 ye-NACE, e-Denver, CO.] Iintsimbi ze-Ferritic ziyakwazi ukumelana nale ndlela yokubola.
Ukukhetha izixhobo eziphezulu ze-condenser kunye ne-heat exchanger tubes akukabikho indawo yokulawula i-chemistry yonyango olufanelekileyo lwamanzi.Njengoko umbhali u-Buecker uye wachaza kwinqaku lobunjineli bamandla angaphambili, inkqubo yonyango yeekhemikhali eyilwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza iyimfuneko yokunciphisa amandla okunyusa, ukubola, kunye nokungcoliswa. Iinkqubo ze-tower.Ukulawula ukungcoliseka kwe-microbial kuye kwaba kwaye kuya kuqhubeka kungumba obalulekileyo.Ngelixa i-chemistry oxidative kunye ne-chlorine, i-bleach, okanye i-compounds efanayo isisiseko solawulo lwe-microbial, unyango olongezelelweyo lunokuphucula ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonyango.Omnye umzekelo onjalo yikhemistri yozinziso, enceda ukwandisa izinga lokukhululwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-chlorine-based based oxidicing introducing yamanzi, i-bio-based based oxidizing. ukondla kunye non-oxidizing fungicides kunokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni uphuhliso microbial.Isiphumo kukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphucula uzinzo kunye nokuthembeka kwezityalo amandla exchangers ubushushu, kodwa inkqubo nganye yahlukile, ngoko ke ucwangciso ngononophelo kunye nothethwano neengcali zoshishino kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto kunye neenkqubo zemichiza.Ininzi yeli nqaku ibhaliwe kwimbono yonyango lwamanzi, asibandakanyekanga kwizigqibo kunye nezixhobo ezicetywayo, asibandakanyekanga kwizigqibo eziphathekayo kunye noncedo olucetywayo. ukubaleka.Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokukhethwa kwezinto kufuneka senziwe ngabasebenzi bemizi-mveliso ngokusekelwe kwinani lezinto ezichazwe kwisicelo ngasinye.
Malunga noMbhali: UBrad Buecker nguMpapasho oPhezulu wezobuGcisa kwi-ChemTreat.Uneminyaka eyi-36 yamava okanye ehambelana noshishino lwamandla, uninzi lwalo kwi-chemistry yokuvelisa umphunga, unyango lwamanzi, ulawulo lomgangatho womoya kunye neSixeko samanzi, ukukhanya kunye namandla (i-Springfield, IL) kunye ne-Kansas City Power & Light Company ifumaneka kwi-La Cygne Station, iminyaka emibini njenge-supervisor yamanzi e-Kansas. plant.Buecker ubambe i-BS kwiKhemistry evela kwiYunivesithi yase-Iowa State kunye nomsebenzi owongezelelweyo wekhosi kwi-Fluid Mechanics, i-Energy and Materials Equilibrium, kunye ne-Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
UDan Janikowski nguMphathi wezobuGcisa kwi-Plymouth Tube.Kwiminyaka eyi-35, uye wabandakanyeka ekuphuhliseni isinyithi, ukuveliswa kunye nokuvavanywa kweemveliso ze-tubular ezibandakanya i-alloys yobhedu, insimbi engenasici, i-nickel alloys, i-titanium kunye ne-carbon steel.Ukuba kunye ne-Plymouth Metro ukususela kwi-2005, u-Janikowski ubambe izikhundla eziphezulu kwi-2010 yoBuchwepheshe.