Ua loiloi hou nā mea kākau i nā kikoʻī o ka papahana mana hou i kēlā me kēia manawa, kahi e koho pinepine ai nā mea hoʻolālā hale hana i ke kila kila 304 a i ʻole 316 no ka condenser a me nā paipu hoʻololi wela kōkua. No nā mea he nui, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo kila kila e hoʻopuka ana i kahi aura o ka pala ʻole hiki ke lanakila ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki i nā kila kila ke koho maikaʻi ʻole loa no ka mea hiki ke maʻalahi i ka pala kūloko. A, i kēia au o ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai hou no ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana i ka wai, me nā hale kiaʻi hoʻomaʻalili e hana ana i nā pōʻaiapuni kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻano hana hāʻule kila kila. I kekahi mau noi, e ola wale nā ​​​​kila kila kila 300 series no nā mahina, i kekahi manawa he mau pule wale nō, ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana. Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikala ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i nā pilikia e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ke koho ʻana i nā mea paipu condenser mai kahi hiʻohiʻona mālama wai. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i kūkākūkā ʻole ʻia ma kēia pepa akā he kuleana ko lākou i ke koho ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i ka ikaika o ka mea, nā waiwai hoʻoili wela, a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā ikaika mechanical, me ka luhi a me ka pala ʻino.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i 12% a ʻoi aku paha ka chromium i ke kila e hana ai ka alloy i kahi papa oxide hoʻomau e pale ana i ka metala kumu ma lalo. No laila ke kumu o ka huaʻōlelo kila kila. I ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea alloying ʻē aʻe (ʻoi aku ka nickel), ʻo ke kila kalapona kekahi ʻāpana o ka hui ferrite, a ʻo kona cell unit he ʻano cubic body-centered (BCC).
Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka nickel i ka hui ʻana o ka alloy ma kahi nui o 8% a ʻoi aku paha, ʻoiai ma ka mahana ambient, e ola ke kelepona i loko o kahi ʻano cubic face-centered (FCC) i kapa ʻia ʻo austenite.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1, he 300 moʻo kila kila kila a me nā kila kila ʻē aʻe he nui ka nickel e hana ana i kahi ʻano austenitic.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā kila Austenitic he waiwai nui i nā noi he nui, me ke ʻano he mea no ka superheater wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā paipu reheater i nā paila mana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka moʻo 300 ma ke ʻano he mea no nā paipu hoʻololi wela haʻahaʻa, me nā condensers ʻili mahu. Eia nō naʻe, aia i loko o kēia mau noi ka poʻe he nui e nānā ʻole i nā ʻano hana hāʻule hiki.
ʻO ka pilikia nui me ke kila kila, ʻoiai nā mea kaulana 304 a me 316, ʻo ia ka luku pinepine ʻia ʻana o ka papa oxide pale e nā haumia i loko o ka wai hoʻoluʻu a me nā māwae a me nā waihona e kōkua ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā haumia. Eia kekahi, ma lalo o nā kūlana pani, hiki i ka wai kū ke alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā microbial, nona nā huahana metabolic hiki ke hōʻino nui i nā metala.
ʻO kahi haumia wai hoʻoluʻu maʻamau, a ʻo kekahi o nā mea paʻakikī loa e wehe waiwai, ʻo ia ka chloride. Hiki i kēia ion ke hana i nā pilikia he nui i nā mea hana mahu, akā i loko o nā condensers a me nā mea hoʻololi wela kōkua, ʻo ka pilikia nui ka hiki i nā chloride i nā nui kūpono ke komo a luku i ka papa oxide pale ma ke kila kila, e hana ana i ka corrosion kūloko, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pitting.
ʻO ka lua ʻana kekahi o nā ʻano palaho ʻino loa no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hana i ke komo ʻana o ka paia a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lako me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pohō metala.
ʻAʻole pono ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka nui o ka chloride e hoʻoulu ai i ka pitting corrosion i loko o ke kila kila 304 a me 316, a no nā ʻili maʻemaʻe me ka ʻole o nā waihona a i ʻole nā ​​māwae, ua manaʻo ʻia nā nui chloride kiʻekiʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēia manawa:
Hiki i kekahi mau kumu ke hana maʻalahi i nā nui chloride e ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia mau alakaʻi, ma ke ʻano laulā a ma nā wahi kūloko. Ua lilo i mea kakaikahi loa ka noʻonoʻo mua ʻana i ka hoʻoluʻu hoʻokahi no nā mea kanu mana hou. Kūkulu ʻia ka hapa nui me nā hale kiaʻi hoʻoluʻu, a i kekahi mau hihia, nā condensers ea-cooled (ACC). No ka poʻe me nā hale kiaʻi hoʻoluʻu, hiki i ka nui o nā haumia i loko o nā mea hoʻonani ke "pōʻaiapuni." No ka laʻana, ʻo kahi kolamu me kahi wai chloride make-up o 50 mg/l e hana me ʻelima mau pōʻaiapuni hoʻonui, a ʻo ka nui o ka chloride o ka wai e kaʻapuni ana he 250 mg/l. ʻO kēia wale nō e kāpae i ka 304 SS. Eia kekahi, i nā mea kanu hou a me nā mea e kū nei, aia kahi pono e hoʻonui e hoʻololi i ka wai hou no ka hoʻouka hou ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻO kahi koho maʻamau ka wai hoʻoneoneo kūlanakauhale. Hoʻohālikelike ka Papa 2 i ka nānā ʻana o nā lako wai maʻemaʻe ʻehā me nā lako wai hoʻoneoneo ʻehā.
E makaʻala no ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae chloride (a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe, e like me ka naikokene a me ka phosphorus, hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka haumia microbial i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu). No ka wai hina āpau, ʻo kekahi kaʻapuni ʻana i loko o ka hale kiaʻi hoʻoluʻu e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka palena chloride i ʻōlelo ʻia e 316 SS.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūkākūkā ma mua ma ka hiki ke pala o nā ʻili metala maʻamau. Hoʻololi nui nā haki a me nā sediments i ka moʻolelo, ʻoiai ʻelua e hāʻawi i nā wahi e hiki ai i nā mea haumia ke hoʻopili. ʻO kahi wahi maʻamau no nā māwae mechanical i loko o nā condensers a me nā mea hoʻololi wela like ma nā hui ʻana o ka paipu-a-tube. Hiki i ka sediment i loko o ka paipu ke hana i nā māwae ma ka palena sediment, a hiki i ka sediment ponoʻī ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he wahi no ka haumia. Eia kekahi, no ka mea, hilinaʻi ke kila kila i kahi papa oxide hoʻomau no ka pale ʻana, hiki i nā waihona ke hana i nā wahi nele oxygen e hoʻohuli i ke koena o ka ʻili kila i anode.
Hōʻike ka kūkākūkā ma luna nei i nā pilikia i noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻia e nā mea hoʻolālā hale hana i ka wā e kuhikuhi ana i nā mea paipu condenser a me nā mea hoʻololi wela kōkua no nā papahana hou. ʻO ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka 304 a me 316 SS i kekahi manawa ke ʻano nei "ʻo ia ka mea a mākou i hana mau ai" me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i nā hopena o ia mau hana. Loaʻa nā mea ʻē aʻe e lawelawe i nā kūlana wai hoʻoluʻu ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e kū nei i nā mea kanu he nui i kēia manawa.
Ma mua o ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā metala ʻē aʻe, pono e haʻi pōkole ʻia kekahi kiko. I nā hihia he nui, ua hana maikaʻi kahi 316 SS a i ʻole 304 SS i ka wā hana maʻamau, akā ua hāʻule i ka wā o ka pau ʻana o ka mana. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokahe maikaʻi ʻole o ka condenser a i ʻole ka mea hoʻololi wela e hoʻoulu ai i ka wai kūpaʻa i loko o nā paipu. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano i nā kūlana kūpono no ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganisms. Hoʻopuka nā kolone microbial i nā hui corrosive e hōʻino pololei i ka metala tubular.
ʻO kēia ʻano hana, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka microbially induced corrosion (MIC), ua ʻike ʻia e luku i nā paipu kila kila a me nā metala ʻē aʻe i loko o nā pule. Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokahe ʻia ka mea hoʻololi wela, pono e noʻonoʻo nui i ka hoʻopuni pinepine ʻana i ka wai ma o ka mea hoʻololi wela a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka biocide i ke kaʻina hana. (No nā kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana layup kūpono, e ʻike iā D. Janikowski, "Layering Up Condenser and BOP Exchangers - Considerations"; i mālama ʻia ma Iune 4-6, 2019 ma Champaign, IL i hōʻike ʻia ma ka 39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
No nā wahi ʻino i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, a me nā wahi ʻino e like me ka wai ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ka wai kai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā metala ʻē aʻe e pale aku i nā haumia. Ua hōʻoia ʻia he ʻekolu mau hui alloy i ka holomua, titanium maʻemaʻe kalepa, 6% molybdenum austenitic stainless steel a me ke kila kila superferritic. He kūpaʻa MIC kēia mau alloys. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo titanium he kūpaʻa loa i ka corrosion, ʻo kona ʻano kristal hexagonal kokoke a me ka modulus elastic haʻahaʻa loa e hiki ai ke hōʻino ʻia i ka mechanical. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia alloy no nā hoʻonohonoho hou me nā ʻano kākoʻo paipu ikaika. ʻO kahi koho maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ka super ferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®. Hōʻike ʻia ka haku mele ʻana o kēia mea ma lalo nei.
Kiʻekiʻe ke kila i ka chromium akā haʻahaʻa i ka nickel, no laila he kila kila ferritic ia ma mua o ke kila kila austenitic. Ma muli o kona haʻahaʻa o ka nickel, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā mea hao ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o Sea-Cure a me ka modulus elastic e ʻae i nā paia lahilahi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hopena ana i ka hoʻololi wela maikaʻi.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai i hoʻonui ʻia o kēia mau metala ma ka pakuhi "Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number", ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, he kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo ia i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ke kūpaʻa o nā metala like ʻole i ka pitting corrosion.
ʻO kekahi o nā nīnau maʻamau, "He aha ka nui o ka chloride e hiki i kahi papa kila kila ke ʻae?" ʻOkoʻa loa nā pane. ʻO nā mea nui e pili ana i ka pH, ka mahana, ke alo a me ke ʻano o nā haki, a me ka hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano olaola ikaika. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea hana ma ke axis ʻākau o ke Kiʻi 5 e kōkua i kēia hoʻoholo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka pH kūlike, 35°C ka wai e kahe ana i loaʻa pinepine i nā noi BOP a me ka condensation (e pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka waihona a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka māwae). Ke koho ʻia kahi alloy me kahi ʻano kemika kikoʻī, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo PREn a laila e hui pū me ka ʻoki kūpono. A laila hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka pae chloride kiʻekiʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i kahi laina ākea ma ke axis ʻākau. Ma ke ʻano laulā, inā e noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi alloy no nā noi brackish a i ʻole ka wai kai, pono ia he CCT ma luna o 25 degere Celsius e like me ke ana ʻia e ka hoʻāʻo G 48.
Ua maopopo he kūpono nā mea hoʻohui super ferritic i hōʻike ʻia e Sea-Cure® no nā noi wai kai. Aia kekahi pōmaikaʻi i kēia mau mea e pono e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā pilikia corrosion manganese no 304 a me 316 SS no nā makahiki he nui, me nā mea kanu ma ke kahawai ʻo Ohio. I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua hoʻouka ʻia nā mea hoʻololi wela ma nā mea kanu ma ke kahawai ʻo Mississippi a me Missouri. He pilikia maʻamau nō hoʻi ka corrosion manganese i nā ʻōnaehana hana wai luawai. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano corrosion e like me ka manganese dioxide (MnO2) e hana ana me kahi biocide oxidizing e hana i ka waikawa hydrochloric ma lalo o ka waihona. ʻO HCl ka mea e hoʻouka maoli i nā metala. [WH Dickinson lāua ʻo RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry"; i hōʻike ʻia ma ka 2002 NACE Annual Corrosion Conference, Denver, CO.] Kūʻē nā kila Ferritic i kēia ʻano corrosion.
ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā mea kiʻekiʻe no nā paipu condenser a me nā mea hoʻololi wela, ʻaʻole ia he pani no ka kaohi kemika mālama wai kūpono. E like me ka mea kākau ʻo Buecker i hōʻike ai ma kahi ʻatikala ʻenekinia mana ma mua, pono kahi papahana mālama kemika i hoʻolālā pono ʻia a hana ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke scaling, corrosion, a me ka fouling. Ke kū mai nei ka kemika Polymer ma ke ʻano he koho ikaika i ka kemika phosphate/phosphonate kahiko e kaohi i ka corrosion a me ka scaling i nā ʻōnaehana hale kiaʻi hoʻoluʻu. ʻO ka kaohi ʻana i ka haumia microbial ua lilo a e hoʻomau ʻia he pilikia koʻikoʻi. ʻOiai ʻo ka kemika oxidative me ka chlorine, bleach, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hui like ke kihi o ka kaohi microbial, hiki i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ke hoʻomaikaʻi pinepine i ka pono o nā papahana lapaʻau. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka kemika stabilization, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu hoʻokuʻu a me ka pono o nā biocides oxidizing i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka chlorine me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hui ʻino i loko o ka wai. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hānai hoʻohui me nā fungicides non-oxidizing he mea maikaʻi loa ia i ka kaohi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala microbial. ʻO ka hopena, he nui nā ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻomau a me ka hilinaʻi o nā mea hoʻololi wela o ka hale hana mana, akā ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana, no laila he mea nui ka hoʻolālā akahele a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana me nā loea ʻoihana no ke koho ʻana i nā mea a me nā kaʻina hana kemika. Ua kākau ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia ʻatikala mai ma kahi kuanaʻike hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, ʻaʻole mākou e komo i nā hoʻoholo waiwai, akā ua noi ʻia mākou e kōkua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hopena o kēlā mau hoʻoholo ke hoʻopau ʻia nā lako. Pono e hana ʻia ka hoʻoholo hope loa ma ke koho ʻana i nā mea e nā limahana o ka hale hana ma muli o kekahi mau mea i kuhikuhi ʻia no kēlā me kēia noi.
E pili ana i ka Mea Kākau: He Luna Hoʻolaha ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ʻo Brad Buecker ma ChemTreat. He 36 mau makahiki o kona ʻike a pili paha me ka ʻoihana mana, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea ma ke kemika hana mahu, ka mālama wai, ka mana o ka maikaʻi o ka ea a ma City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) a me Kansas City Power & Light Company aia ma La Cygne Station, Kansas. Ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ʻelua mau makahiki ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻomalu wai/wai ʻino ma kahi hale hana kemika. Loaʻa iā Buecker kahi BS ma Chemistry mai ke Kulanui ʻo Iowa State me nā hana papa hou aʻe ma Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, a me Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
ʻO Dan Janikowski ke Luna Hoʻokele ʻenehana ma Plymouth Tube. No 35 mau makahiki, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā metala, ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā huahana tubular e pili ana i nā mea hao keleawe, ke kila kila, nā mea hao nickel, ka titanium a me ke kila kalapona. Ma hope o kona noho ʻana me Plymouth Metro mai ka makahiki 2005, ua paʻa ʻo Janikowski i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe like ʻole ma mua o kona lilo ʻana i Luna Hoʻokele ʻenehana i ka makahiki 2010.