Onjiniyela benza “ukwamukelwa” kwethuluzi le-James Webb Space Telescope elimaphakathi ne-infrared e-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ngemva kokusuka e-UK.
Ochwepheshe bendiza ye-JPL u-Johnny Melendez (kwesokudla) no-Joe Mora bahlola i-MIRI cryocooler ngaphambi kokuyithumela e-Northrop Grumman e-Redondo Beach, e-California. Lapho, isipholile sinamathiselwe emzimbeni wesibonakude se-Webb.
Le ngxenye yensimbi ye-MIRI, ebonwa e-Appleton Laboratory e-Rutherford, e-UK, iqukethe imitshina ye-infrared.I-cryocooler itholakala kude nomtshina ngoba isebenza ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu.Ishubhu elithwala i-helium ebandayo lixhuma lezi zingxenye ezimbili.
U-MIRI (kwesokunxele) uhlezi phezu kwebhalansi e-Northrop Grumman e-Redondo Beach njengoba onjiniyela belungiselela ukusebenzisa i-crane engaphezulu ukuze bayinamathisele ku-Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM).I-ISIM iwumgogodla weWebb, amathuluzi amane esayensi agcina isibonakude.
Ngaphambi kokuthi ithuluzi le-MIRI - elinye lamathuluzi amane esayensi endaweni yokubuka - kufanele zipholiswe licishe libe izinga lokushisa elibandayo kakhulu elingafinyelelwa yindaba.
I-James Webb Space Telescope yeNASA, ehlelelwe ukwethulwa ngo-December 24, iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokubuka umkhathi emlandweni, futhi inomsebenzi onzima ngokulinganayo: ukuqoqa ukukhanya kwe-infrared kusuka emagumbini akude omkhathi, okuvumela ososayensi ukuba bahlole ukwakheka nomsuka womkhathi .Umkhathi wethu nendawo yethu kuwo.
Izinto eziningi ze-cosmic - okuhlanganisa izinkanyezi namaplanethi, kanye negesi nothuli okuvela kukho - kukhipha ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi i-thermal radiation.Kodwa kunjalo nezinye izinto eziningi ezifudumele, njengama-toaster, abantu, nama-electronics.Lokho kusho ukuthi izinsimbi ezine ze-infrared ze-Webb zingakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwazo kwe-infrared. IFahrenheit (minus 233 degrees Celsius). Kodwa ukuze isebenze kahle, izitholi ezingaphakathi kwensimbi ye-infrared emaphakathi, noma i-MIRI, kufanele zibande: ngaphansi kuka-7 Kelvin (minus 448 degrees Fahrenheit, noma khipha 266 degrees Celsius).
Lokho amadigri ambalwa nje ngaphezu kukaziro ophelele (0 Kelvin) – izinga lokushisa elibanda kunawo wonke okungenzeka ngokombono, nakuba lingenakufinyeleleka ngokomzimba ngoba limele ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwanoma yikuphi ukushisa.(Nokho, i-MIRI ayilona ithuluzi lokuthwebula elibanda kunawo wonke elisebenza emkhathini.)
Izinga lokushisa liyisilinganiso sokuthi ama-athomu ahamba ngokushesha kangakanani, futhi ngaphezu kokubona ukukhanya kwawo kwe-infrared, izithungatha zeWebb zingavuswa ukudlidliza kwazo okushisayo. I-MIRI ithola ukukhanya ebangeni lamandla aphansi kunamanye amathuluzi amathathu. Ngenxa yalokho, imitshina yayo izwela kakhulu ukudlidliza okushisayo. amasignali Webb azama ukuwathola.
Ngemva kokwethulwa, i-Webb izosebenzisa i-visor elingana nenkundla yethenisi evikela i-MIRI nezinye izinsimbi ekushiseni kwelanga, okuzivumela ukuthi ziphole kancane. Kusukela ezinsukwini ezingaba ngu-77 ngemva kokwethulwa, i-cryocooler ye-MIRI izothatha izinsuku ezingu-19 ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kwezithonjana zensimbi libe ngaphansi kuka-7 Kelvin.
“Kulula uma kuqhathaniswa ukupholisa izinto kuze kufike kulelo zinga lokushisa eMhlabeni, ngokuvamile ngokwesayensi noma ezimbonini,” kusho uKonstantin Penanen, uchwepheshe we-cryocooler e-NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory eseNingizimu California. , ephethe ithuluzi le-MIRI le-NASA.” Kodwa lezo zinhlelo ezisekelwe eMhlabeni zikhulu kakhulu futhi awawongi amandla. Ukuze uthole indawo yokubuka umkhathi, sidinga indawo epholile ehlangene ngokomzimba, eyonga amandla, futhi kufanele ithembeke kakhulu ngoba asikwazi ukuphuma siyoyilungisa. Ngakho lezi izinselele esibhekene nazo. , mayelana nalokho, ngingasho ukuthi i-MIRI ingaphambili impela.”
Enye yezinhloso zesayensi ye-Webb ukufunda izici zezinkanyezi zokuqala ezakheka endaweni yonke.Ikhamera ye-infrared eseduze ye-Webb noma ithuluzi le-NIRCam lizokwazi ukubona lezi zinto ezikude kakhulu, futhi i-MIRI izosiza ososayensi baqinisekise ukuthi le mithombo yokukhanya efiphele ingamaqoqo ezinkanyezi zesizukulwane sokuqala, kunezinkanyezi zesizukulwane sesibili ezakheka kamuva emthaleni.
Ngokubheka amafu othuli aminyene kunamathuluzi aseduze kwe-infrared, i-MIRI izoveza izindawo zokuzalwa zezinkanyezi.Izophinda ithole ama-molecule avame ukutholakala Emhlabeni - njengamanzi, i-carbon dioxide ne-methane, kanye nama-molecule wamaminerali angamadwala njengama-silicates - ezindaweni ezipholile ezizungeze izinkanyezi eziseduze, lapho amaplanethi angase akhe khona. kuyilapho i-MIRI ingababona njengeqhwa.
“Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe base-US nowaseYurophu, sithuthukise i-MIRI njengamandla e-Webb, okuzokwenza izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ziphendule imibuzo emikhulu mayelana nokuthi izinkanyezi, amaplanethi nemithala yakha futhi iguquke kanjani,” kusho uGillian Wright, ohola ithimba lesayensi le-MIRI kanye noMphenyi Oyinhloko WaseYurophu wethuluzi e-UK Astronomical Technology Center (UK Astronomical Technology Center).
I-MIRI cryocooler isebenzisa igesi ye-helium—eyanele ukugcwalisa amabhaluni eqembu angaba yisishiyagalolunye—ukuze ithwale ukushisa kude nezitholi zensimbi.Ama-compressor kagesi amabili ampompa i-helium ngeshubhu elidlulela lapho kukhona khona umtshina. i-helium epholile idonsa ukushisa okweqile kusuka ku-block, igcina izinga lokushisa lokusebenza komtshina ngaphansi kwe-7 Kelvin. Igesi eshisayo (kodwa ebandayo) iphinde ibuyele ku-compressor, lapho ixosha ukushisa okweqile, futhi umjikelezo uqala futhi.Ngokuyisisekelo, uhlelo lufana nalolo olusetshenziswa eziqandisini zasendlini kanye nama-air conditioners.
Amapayipi athwala i-helium enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali efakwe ngegolide futhi angaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi ye-intshi (2.5 mm) ububanzi. Anwebeka cishe ngamafidi angu-30 (10 wamamitha) ukusuka ku-compressor etholakala endaweni yebhasi lemikhumbi-mkhathi ukuya kumtshina we-MIRI kusici se-optical telescope esitholakala ngemva kwe-observatory's honeycomb ebizwa ngokuthi i-honeydwareb ebizwa ngokuthi i-honeydwableTA, ixhuma i-honeycomb eyinhloko ebizwa ngokuthi i-Dplower. izindawo ezimbili.Uma ipakishwe ukuze yethulwe, i-DTA iyacindezelwa, kancane njengepiston, ukuze isize ukufaka indawo yokubuka egciniwe esivikeloni esingaphezulu kwerokhethi.Uma ususemkhathini, umbhoshongo uzonwebeka ukuze uhlukanise ibhasi lendiza-mkhathi yezinga lokushisa ekamelweni nezisetshenziswa ezipholile zetheleskopu futhi uvumele isithunzi selanga nesibonakude ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele.
Lesi sithombe esinyakazayo sibonisa ukukhishwa okufanelekile kwamahora okuthunyelwa kwe-James Webb Space Telescope kanye nezinsuku ngemva kokuqaliswa.Ukwandiswa komhlangano wombhoshongo osetshenziswayo ophakathi kuzokwandisa ibanga phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-MIRI.Axhunywe ngamashubhu e-helical ane-helium epholile.
Kodwa inqubo yokwelula idinga ukuthi ithubhu ye-helium inwetshwe ngokuhlanganiswa kombhoshongo onwebekayo.Ngakho ishubhu ligoqa njengesiphethu, yingakho onjiniyela be-MIRI baqambe le ngxenye yeshubhu "Slinky".
"Kunezinselelo ezithile ekusebenzeni ohlelweni oluhlanganisa izifunda eziningi ze-observatory," kusho u-Analyn Schneider, umphathi wezinhlelo ze-JPL MIRI. "Lezi zifunda ezihlukene ziholwa izinhlangano noma izikhungo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa iNorthrop Grumman kanye ne-US NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, kufanele sikhulume nawo wonke umuntu. Ayikho enye ihadiwe yesibonakude esidinga ukwenza lokho, ngakho kuyinselele ehlukile ku-MIRI. Impela kube umugqa omude we-MIRI cryocoolers road, futhi sesilungele ukuyibona emkhathini."
I-James Webb Space Telescope izokwethulwa ngo-2021 njengendawo yokubuka isayensi yomkhathi ephambili emhlabeni.I-Webb izodalula izimfihlakalo zesimiso sonozungezilanga wethu, ibheke emazweni akude azungeze ezinye izinkanyezi, futhi ihlole ukwakheka nemvelaphi engaqondakali yendawo yethu yonke kanye nendawo yethu.I-Webb iwuhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluholwa yi-NASA kanye nabalingani bayo i-Space Agency ESA (European Spacedian Agency).
I-MIRI yathuthukiswa ngokubambisana kwe-50-50 phakathi kwe-NASA kanye ne-ESA (European Space Agency).I-JPL ihola umzamo wase-US we-MIRI, futhi i-multinational consortium of European astronomical institutes inikela ku-ESA.UGeorge Rieke wase-University of Arizona ungumholi weqembu lesayensi le-MIRI lase-US.U-Gillian Wright uyinhloko yethimba lezesayensi laseYurophu le-MIRI.
I-Alistair Glasse yase-ATC, UK yi-MIRI Instrument Scientist kanti uMichael Ressler uyi-US Project Scientist kwa-JPL.Laszlo Tamas wase-UK ATC uphethe i-European Union.Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-MIRI cryocooler kwaholwa futhi kwaphathwa yi-JPL ngokubambisana ne-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre eGreenbelt, Maryland, California, nase-Northdondo Beach.