E "whakaaetia" ana e ngā kaihangarau te taputapu waenga-whero o te Karu Whānui Wāhi a James Webb i te Goddard Space Flight Center a NASA i muri i te wehenga atu i te UK.
Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga hangarau rererangi JPL a Johnny Melendez (matau) rāua ko Joe Mora te MIRI cryocooler i mua i te tukunga atu ki Northrop Grumman i Redondo Beach, California. I reira, ka honoa te pouaka whakamatao ki te tinana o te karu tiro Webb.
Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga o te taputapu MIRI, e kitea ana i te Appleton Laboratory i Rutherford, UK, he pūoko infrared. Kei tawhiti atu te cryocooler i te pūoko nā te mea he pāmahana teitei ake tana mahi. He ngongo e mau ana i te herium matao e hono ana i ngā wāhanga e rua.
Kei runga i te kurupae taurite i Northrop Grumman i Redondo Beach a MIRI (maui) i a ngā kaihangarau e whakarite ana ki te whakamahi i tētahi kerēni hei tāpiri atu ki te Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM). Ko te ISIM te uho o Webb, arā, ngā taputapu pūtaiao e whā e pupuri ana i te karu tiro.
I mua i te whakahaerenga o te taputapu MIRI — tētahi o ngā taputapu pūtaiao e whā i runga i te whare tirotiro mata — me whakamatao kia tata ki te pāmahana makariri rawa atu ka taea e te matū te eke.
Ko te Karu Whānui Ātea a James Webb a NASA, e whakaritea ana kia whakarewahia i te 24 o Hakihea, koia te whare tirotiro ātea nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori, ā, he rite tonu te uaua o tana mahi: te kohikohi i te māramatanga whero-whero mai i ngā kokonga tawhiti o te ao, kia taea ai e ngā kaipūtaiao te tūhura i te hanganga me ngā takenga mai o te ao. Ko tō tātou ao me tō tātou tūranga i roto.
He maha ngā mea o te ao tūroa — tae atu ki ngā whetū me ngā aorangi, me te hau me te puehu e hangaia ai rātou — e tuku ana i te mārama whero-whero, e kiia ana i ētahi wā he irahiko wera. Engari ko te nuinga o ngā mea mahana kē atu, pērā i ngā tōhi, te tangata, me ngā hikohiko. Ko te tikanga ka taea e ngā taputapu whero-whero e whā a Webb te kite i ō rātou ake mārama whero-whero. Hei whakaiti i ēnei tukunga, me tino makariri te taputapu — tata ki te 40 Kelvin, neke atu rānei i te 388 nekehanga Fahrenheit (neke atu i te 233 nekehanga Celsius). Engari kia pai ai te mahi, me mātao ake ngā taputapu i roto i te taputapu whero-waenga, te MIRI rānei: i raro i te 7 Kelvin (neke atu i te 448 nekehanga Fahrenheit, neke atu rānei i te 266 nekehanga Celsius).
He torutoru noa iho ngā nekehanga i runga ake i te kore tino (0 Kelvin) – ko te pāmahana makariri rawa atu tēnei e taea ana e te ariā, ahakoa kāore e taea te whakatutuki ā-tinana nā te mea e tohu ana i te korenga o te wera. (Heoi, ehara a MIRI i te taputapu whakaahua makariri rawa atu e mahi ana i te wāhi.)
Ko te pāmahana te mehua o te tere o te neke o ngā ngota, ā, hei tāpiri atu ki te kimi i ō rātou ake māramatanga whero-whero, ka taea te whakaoho i ngā pūoko Webb e ō rātou ake wiri wera. Ka kitea e te MIRI te mārama i roto i te awhe pūngao iti iho i ngā taputapu e toru. Nō reira, he tairongo ake ōna pūoko ki ngā wiri wera. Ko ēnei tohu kāore e hiahiatia ana ko te mea e kiia nei e ngā tohunga whetū he "haruru," ā, ka taea e rātou te whakakore i ngā tohu ngoikore e ngana ana a Webb ki te kimi.
Whai muri i te whakarewatanga, ka whakatūria e Webb he ārai kanohi rite ki te papa tēnehi hei tiaki i a MIRI me ētahi atu taputapu mai i te wera o te rā, kia taea ai e rātou te whakamatao noa. Mai i te 77 rā i muri i te whakarewatanga, ka roa te 19 rā ki te whakaiti i te pāmahana o ngā pūoko o te taputapu ki raro iho i te 7 Kelvin.
"He tino māmā te whakamatao i ngā mea ki taua pāmahana i runga i te Ao, he maha ngā wā mō ngā mahi pūtaiao, ahumahi rānei," te kī a Konstantin Penanen, he tohunga whakamatao i te Jet Propulsion Laboratory a NASA i te Tonga o California. , e whakahaere ana i te taputapu MIRI mō NASA. "Engari he tino matotoru aua pūnaha e ahu mai ana i te Ao, ā, kāore e whai hua te pūngao. Mō tētahi whare tirotiro ātea, me whai pouaka whakamatao kiato te tinana, kia whai hua te pūngao, ā, me tino pono hoki nā te mea kāore e taea e tātou te haere ki waho ki te whakatika. Nō reira, koinei ngā wero e pā ana ki a tātou. , i roto i taua whakaaro, ki taku whakaaro ko ngā pouaka whakamatao MIRI kei mua tonu i te aroaro."
Ko tētahi o ngā whāinga pūtaiao a Webb he ako i ngā āhuatanga o ngā whetū tuatahi i hangaia i te ao whānui. Ka taea e te kāmera tata-infrared a Webb, te taputapu NIRCam rānei, te kite i ēnei mea tino tawhiti, ā, ka āwhina a MIRI i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakaū ko ēnei pūtake mārama ngoikore he tautau whetū o te whakatupuranga tuatahi, kaua ko ngā whetū o te whakatupuranga tuarua i hangaia i muri mai i te whanaketanga o te tupuni.
Mā te titiro ki ngā kapua puehu he matotoru ake i ngā taputapu tata-infrared, ka whakakitea e te MIRI ngā wāhi whānau o ngā whetū. Ka kitea hoki e ia ngā ngota e kitea nuitia ana i runga i te Ao — pērā i te wai, te hauhā waro me te methane, tae atu ki ngā ngota o ngā kohuke toka pērā i te silicates — i roto i ngā taiao matao e karapoti ana i ngā whetū tata, te wāhi ka hangaia ai ngā aorangi. He pai ake ngā taputapu tata-infrared ki te kite i ēnei ngota hei kohu i roto i ngā taiao wera ake, engari ka taea e te MIRI te kite i a rātou hei hukapapa.
"Mā te whakakotahi i ngā pūkenga o Amerika me Ūropi, kua whakawhanakehia e mātou te MIRI hei mana o Webb, e āhei ai ngā tohunga whetū o te ao katoa ki te whakautu i ngā pātai nui mō te hanganga me te whanaketanga o ngā whetū, ngā aorangi me ngā tupuni," te kī a Gillian Wright, te Kaiārahi Tuarua o te tīma pūtaiao MIRI me te Kairangahau Matua o Ūropi mō te taputapu i te UK Astronomical Technology Centre (UK ATC).
Ka whakamahia e te MIRI cryocooler te hau helium—he nui hei whakakī i te iwa ngā poihau pāti—hei kawe i te wera mai i ngā pūoko o te taputapu. E rua ngā pūwero hiko e pupuhi ana i te helium mā roto i tētahi ngongo e toro atu ana ki te wāhi kei reira te pūwero. Ka rere te ngongo mā roto i tētahi poraka whakarewa e piri ana ki te pūwero; ka mimiti te helium kua whakamatao i te wera nui mai i te poraka, ka pupuri i te pāmahana mahi o te pūwero i raro i te 7 Kelvin. Kātahi ka hoki te hau wera (engari kei te makariri tonu) ki te pūwero, ka panaia te wera nui, ā, ka tīmata anō te huringa. Ko te tikanga, he rite te pūnaha ki te pūnaha e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā hauhautanga o te whare.
Ko ngā paipa e kawe ana i te hēriuma he mea hanga ki te maitai kore waikura kua whakakikoruatia ki te koura, ā, he iti iho i te kotahi-tekau o te inihi (2.5 mm) te whānui. E toro atu ana i te 30 putu (10 mita) mai i te pūwero kei roto i te rohe pahi waka mokowhiti ki te pūwero MIRI i roto i te wāhanga karu tirohanga whatu kei muri i te whakaata tuatahi o te whare tirotiro. Ko ngā taputapu e kiia nei ko te huihuinga pourewa ka taea te whakatakoto, ko te DTA rānei, e hono ana i ngā wāhi e rua. Ina tākaihia mō te whakarewatanga, ka pēhia te DTA, he rite ki te piston, hei āwhina i te tāuta i te whare tirotiro kua rongoatia ki roto i te parenga i runga i te rōkete. Kia tae ki te wāhi, ka toro atu te pourewa hei wehe i te pahi waka mokowhiti pāmahana-rūma mai i ngā taputapu karu tirohanga whatu matao, ā, ka taea te whakatakoto katoa i te ārai rā me te karu tirohanga.
E whakaatu ana tēnei pakiwaituhi i te whakatinanatanga tino pai o te whakatinanatanga o te Karu Whānui ā-Rohe James Webb i ngā hāora me ngā rā i muri i te whakarewatanga. Mā te whānui o te huihuinga pourewa ka taea te whakatinana i waenganui ka nui ake te tawhiti i waenga i ngā wāhanga e rua o te MIRI. Ka honoa ēnei e ngā ngongo porowhita me te hēriuma whakamatao.
Engari ko te tukanga whakaroa me whakaroa te ngongo hēriuma mā te huihuinga pourewa ka taea te whakawhanui. Nō reira, ka takai te ngongo pērā i te puna, koia te take i tapaina ai tēnei wāhanga o te ngongo e ngā kaihangarau MIRI ko "Slinky".
"He wero kei te mahi i tētahi pūnaha e horapa ana i ngā rohe maha o te whare tirotiro," te kī a Analyn Schneider, te kaiwhakahaere kaupapa JPL MIRI. "Ko ēnei rohe rerekē e arahina ana e ngā whakahaere, e ngā pokapū rerekē rānei, tae atu ki a Northrop Grumman me te Goddard Space Flight Center o te US NASA, me kōrero mātou ki te katoa. Kāore he taputapu kē atu i runga i te karu tiro e hiahia ana ki te mahi i tēnā, nō reira he wero motuhake ki a MIRI. He tino roa te rārangi mō te huarahi cryocoolers o MIRI, ā, kua rite mātou ki te kite i te wāhi."
Ka whakarewaina te Karu Whānui o James Webb i te tau 2021 hei whare tirotiro pūtaiao o te ao. Ka hurahia e Webb ngā ​​mea ngaro o tō tātou pūnaha rā, ka titiro ki ngā ao tawhiti e karapoti ana i ētahi atu whetū, ka tūhuratia hoki ngā hanganga me ngā takenga mai o tō tātou ao me tō tātou wāhi. He kaupapa ā-ao a Webb e arahina ana e NASA me ōna hoa mahi ESA (European Space Agency) me te Canadian Space Agency.
I whakawhanakehia a MIRI mā te hononga 50-50 i waenganui i a NASA me ESA (European Space Agency). Ko JPL te kaiārahi o te kaupapa a te US mō MIRI, ā, he rōpū ao whānui o ngā whare wānanga whetū o Ūropi e whai wāhi ana ki te ESA. Ko George Rieke o Te Whare Wānanga o Arizona te kaiārahi o te tīma pūtaiao o MIRI i te US. Ko Gillian Wright te upoko o te tīma pūtaiao o MIRI i Ūropi.
Ko Alistair Glasse o ATC, UK te Kairangahau Taputapu MIRI, ā, ko Michael Ressler te Kairangahau Kaupapa US i JPL. Ko Laszlo Tamas o te UK ATC te kaiwhakahaere o te Kotahitanga o Europi. Nā JPL i ārahi, i whakahaere hoki te whanaketanga o te MIRI cryocooler i te mahi tahi me te Goddard Space Flight Center a NASA i Greenbelt, Maryland, me Northrop Grumman i Redondo Beach, California.