Iinjineli ziqhuba "ukwamkelwa" kwesixhobo se-James Webb Space Telescope esiphakathi kwe-infrared kwi-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre emva kokumka e-UK.
Iingcali zendiza ye-JPL uJohnny Melendez (ngasekunene) kunye noJoe Mora bahlola i-MIRI cryocooler ngaphambi kokuyithumela eNorthrop Grumman e-Redondo Beach, eCalifornia.Kulapho, i-cooler ifakwe kumzimba we-telescope yeWebb.
Le nxalenye yesixhobo se-MIRI, esibonwa kwi-Appleton Laboratory e-Rutherford, e-UK, iqulethe i-infrared detectors.I-cryocooler ibekwe kude ne-detector kuba isebenza kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.I-tube ephethe i-helium ebandayo idibanisa amacandelo amabini.
I-MIRI (ekhohlo) ihleli kumqadi webhalansi e-Northrop Grumman e-Redondo Beach njengoko iinjineli zilungiselela ukusebenzisa i-crane ephezulu ukuyincamathisela kwi-Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM) .I-ISIM ngundoqo weWebb, izixhobo ezine zesayensi ezigcina iteleskopu.
Ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo se-MIRI - esinye sezixhobo ezine zesayensi kwindawo yokujonga - kufuneka zipholiswe phantse kubushushu obubandayo obunokufikelela.
I-NASA ye-James Webb Space Telescope, ecwangciselwe ukusungulwa ngoDisemba 24, yeyona ndawo inkulu yokuphonononga indawo embalini, kwaye inomsebenzi onzima ngokulinganayo: ukuqokelela ukukhanya kwe-infrared kwiikona ezikude zendalo iphela, ukuvumela izazinzulu ukuba zihlolisise isakhiwo kunye nemvelaphi yendalo yonke .Indalo yethu kunye nendawo yethu kuyo.
Izinto ezininzi ze-cosmic - kuquka iinkwenkwezi kunye neeplanethi, kunye negesi kunye nothuli oluvela kuzo - lukhupha ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yi-thermal radiation.Kodwa kunjalo nezinye izinto ezifudumeleyo, ezifana ne-toasters, abantu, kunye ne-electronics.Oko kuthetha ukuba izixhobo ezine ze-infrared zeWebb ziyakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwazo kwe-infrared.Ukunciphisa oku kukhutshwa, isixhobo kufuneka sibe ne-8 minus 8 degrees Keabout, i-40 minus Keabout, i-40 minus Keabout, i-8 minus Keabout. IFahrenheit (minus 233 degrees Celsius) .Kodwa ukuze isebenze ngokufanelekileyo, izixhobo zokubona ngaphakathi kwesixhobo se-infrared esiphakathi, okanye i-MIRI, kufuneka ibanda: ngaphantsi kwe-7 Kelvin (minus 448 degrees Fahrenheit, okanye minus 266 degrees Celsius).
Leyo yizidanga ezimbalwa ngaphezu kweqanda (0 Kelvin) – elona qondo lobushushu libandayo ngokwethiyori, nangona lingafikeleleki ngokwasemzimbeni kuba limele ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwabo nabuphi na ubushushu.
Iqondo lokushisa liyimilinganiselo yendlela i-athomu ehamba ngayo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngaphezu kokubona ukukhanya kwabo kwe-infrared, i-Webb detectors inokubangelwa yi-thermal vibrations yabo. Iimpawu zeWebb izama ukuzibhaqa.
Emva kokuqaliswa, i-Webb iya kuhambisa i-visor ye-tennis-inkundla ye-tennis ekhusela i-MIRI kunye nezinye izixhobo ekushiseni kwelanga, ezivumela ukuba zipholile ngokungenasiphelo.Ukuqala malunga neentsuku ze-77 emva kokuqaliswa, i-cryocooler ye-MIRI iya kuthatha iintsuku ze-19 ukunciphisa ubushushu bezixhobo zesixhobo ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-7 Kelvin.
“Kulula ukupholisa izinto ukuya kutsho kwelo qondo lobushushu eMhlabeni, ngokufuthi kusetyenziso lwezenzululwazi okanye kwimizi-mveliso,” utshilo uKonstantin Penanen, ingcali yecryocooler kwiJet Propulsion Laboratory yeNASA eMazantsi eCalifornia. , elawula isixhobo se-MIRI seNASA. "Kodwa ezo nkqubo zisekwe eMhlabeni zininzi kakhulu kwaye azisebenzi kakuhle. Kwindawo yokujonga indawo, sifuna indawo epholileyo ebambene ngokwasemzimbeni, eyonga amandla, kwaye kufuneka ithembeke kakhulu kuba asinakuphuma siyilungise. Ke le yimiceli mngeni esijongene nayo.
Enye yeenjongo zenzululwazi zeWebb kukufunda iipropati zeenkwenkwezi zokuqala ezakha kwindalo yonke.Ikhamera ye-infrared ye-Webb ekufutshane okanye isixhobo se-NIRCam siya kukwazi ukubona ezi zinto zikude kakhulu, kwaye i-MIRI iya kunceda izazinzulu ziqinisekise ukuba le mithombo yokukhanya etyhafileyo ngamaqoqo eenkwenkwezi zesizukulwana sokuqala, kunokuba isizukulwana sesibini seenkwenkwezi ezakha kamva kwi-galaxy.
Ngokujonga amafu othuli atyebileyo kunezixhobo ezikufutshane ne-infrared, i-MIRI iya kutyhila indawo yokuzalwa yeenkwenkwezi.Iza kubona kwakhona iimolekyuli eziqhelekileyo ezifumaneka emhlabeni - njengamanzi, i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-methane, kunye neemolekyuli zamatye amaminerali afana ne-silicates - kwiindawo ezipholileyo ezijikeleze iinkwenkwezi ezikufutshane, apho iiplanethi zingenza khona. ngelixa i-MIRI ingababona njengeqhwa.
"Ngokudibanisa ubuchule be-US kunye neYurophu, siye saphuhlisa i-MIRI njengamandla eWebb, eya kwenza ukuba izazi zeenkwenkwezi ezivela kwihlabathi lonke ziphendule imibuzo emikhulu malunga nendlela iinkwenkwezi, iiplanethi kunye neenkwenkwezi zenza ngayo kwaye ziguquke," kusho uGillian Wright, i-Co-lead yeqela lesayensi ye-MIRI kunye noMphandi oyiNtloko waseYurophu kwisixhobo kwi-UK Astronomical Technology Centre (UK).
I-MIRI cryocooler isebenzisa i-helium gas-ngokwaneleyo ukuzalisa malunga neebhaluni zeqela elisithoba-ukuthwala ubushushu kude nezixhobo zesixhobo.I-compressors zombane ezimbini zipompoza i-helium nge-tube eyongeza apho i-detector ikhona.I-tube ihamba ngebhloko yetsimbi ekwafakwe kwi-detector; i-helium epholileyo ithatha ukushisa okugqithisileyo kwibhloko, igcina ukushisa kwe-detector yokusebenza ngaphantsi kwe-7 Kelvin. I-gas eshushu (kodwa isabanda) iphinde ibuyele kwi-compressor, apho ikhupha ukushisa okugqithisileyo, kwaye umjikelezo uqala kwakhona.Ngokusisiseko, inkqubo ifana neyokusetyenziswa kwiifriji zasekhaya kunye ne-air conditioners.
Imibhobho ethwala i-helium yenziwe ngentsimbi egqwethekileyo yegolide kwaye ingaphantsi kwesinye kwishumi le-intshi (2.5 mm) ububanzi. Ifikelela malunga neemitha ezingama-30 (iimitha ezili-10) ukusuka kwicompressor ebekwe kwindawo yebhasi yesiphekepheke ukuya kwisixhobo se-MIRI kwisixhobo sokubona iteleskopu esibekwe ngasemva kwe-observatory's honeycomb ebizwa ngokuba yi-honeydwarebTA ye-honeydware ebizwa ngokuba yi-honeydwarebTA ye-primary. iindawo ezimbini.Xa ipakishwe ukuqaliswa, i-DTA ixinzelelwe, ifana nepiston, ukunceda ukufaka i-observatory egciniweyo ekukhuseleni phezulu kwe-rocket.Xa sele isendaweni, inqaba iya kunweba ukwahlula ibhasi ye-spacecraft yobushushu begumbi kwizixhobo ezipholileyo zeteleskopu kunye nokuvumela i-sunshade kunye neteleskopu ukuba isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo.
Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ukuphunyezwa okufanelekileyo kweeyure zokuthunyelwa kwe-James Webb Space Telescope kunye neentsuku emva kokuqaliswa.Ukwandiswa kwendibano ye-central deployable tower kuya kwandisa umgama phakathi kweenxalenye ezimbini ze-MIRI.Zidibaniswe ngamatyhubhu e-helical kunye ne-helium epholileyo.
Kodwa inkqubo yokwandisa idinga ukuba ityhubhu ye-helium yandiswe kunye nendibano ye-tower eyandisiweyo.Ngoko i-tube coil ifana nentwasahlobo, yingakho iinjineli ze-MIRI zibize le nxalenye ye-tube "Slinky".
"Kukho imingeni ekusebenzeni kwinkqubo ejikeleza imimandla emininzi ye-observatory," utshilo u-Analyn Schneider, umphathi weprogram ye-JPL MIRI. "Le mimandla eyahlukeneyo ikhokelwa yimibutho okanye amaziko ahlukeneyo, kuquka iNorthrop Grumman kunye ne-US NASA ye-Goddard Space Flight Centre, kufuneka sithethe nomntu wonke. Akukho enye i-hardware kwi-telescope efuna ukwenza oko, ngoko ngumngeni oyingqayizivele kwi-MIRI. Ngokuqinisekileyo ibe ngumgca omde we-MIRI cryocoolers road, kwaye silungele ukuyibona kwindawo. "
I-James Webb Space Telescope iya kuqalisa ngo-2021 njengenkulumbuso yehlabathi yokujonga inzululwazi yendawo.I-Webb iya kutyhila iimfihlakalo zesixokelelwano sethu selanga, ijonge kumazwe akude ajikeleze ezinye iinkwenkwezi, kwaye iphonononge ubume obungaqondakaliyo kunye nemvelaphi yendalo yethu kunye nendawo yethu.I-Webb linyathelo lamazwe ngamazwe elikhokelwa yi-NASA kunye namaqabane ayo i-Arhente ye-Spacedina i-ESA (i-Arhente ye-Spacedina yaseYurophu).
I-MIRI yaphuhliswa ngentsebenziswano ye-50-50 phakathi kwe-NASA kunye ne-ESA (i-Arhente ye-Space yaseYurophu) .I-JPL ikhokela umzamo wase-US we-MIRI, kunye ne-multinational consortium yamaziko e-astronomical yaseYurophu igalelo kwi-ESA.George Rieke weYunivesithi yase-Arizona yinkokeli yeqela lesayensi yase-MIRI yase-US. UGillian Wright uyintloko yeqela lezenzululwazi laseYurophu le-MIRI.
I-Alistair Glasse ye-ATC, e-UK yi-MIRI Instrument Scientist kunye noMichael Ressler yi-US Project Scientist kwi-JPL.Laszlo Tamas yase-UK ATC iqhuba i-European Union.Uphuhliso lwe-MIRI cryocooler lwalukhokelwa kwaye lwalawulwa yi-JPL ngokubambisana ne-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre e-Greenbelt, eMaryland, e-California, nase-Northdondo Beach yase-Northdondo.