Mainjiniya vanoita "kugamuchira" chishandiso cheJames Webb Space Telescope chepakati peinfrared paNASA's Goddard Space Flight Center mushure mekubuda muUK.
Matekiniki endege eJPL Johnny Melendez (kurudyi) naJoe Mora vanoongorora MIRI cryocooler vasati vaitumira kuNorthrop Grumman muRedondo Beach, California. Ikoko, cooler yacho yakabatana nemuviri weWebb telescope.
Chikamu ichi chemudziyo weMIRI, chinoonekwa paAppleton Laboratory muRutherford, UK, chine ma infrared detectors. Cryocooler iri kure ne detector nekuti inoshanda patembiricha yakakwira. Chubhu inotakura helium inotonhora inobatanidza zvikamu zviviri izvi.
MIRI (kuruboshwe) akagara padanda rekuenzanisa kuNorthrop Grumman muRedondo Beach mainjiniya vachigadzirira kushandisa crane yepamusoro kuti vaibatanidze kuIntegrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM). ISIM ndiyo musimboti waWebb, zvishandiso zvina zvesainzi zvinochengeta teresikopu.
Chishandiso cheMIRI — chimwe chezvishandiso zvina zvesainzi zviri pachiteshi chekuongorora — chisati chatanga kushanda, chinofanira kutonhodzwa kusvika pakupisa kunotonhora zvikuru kunogona kusvika kune chinhu chakakosha.
Telescope yeNASA yeJames Webb Space Telescope, yakarongerwa kutanga musi wa24 Zvita, ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekuongorora muchadenga munhoroondo, uye ine basa guruwo: kuunganidza chiedza che infrared kubva kumativi ari kure emuchadenga, zvichibvumira masayendisiti kuongorora chimiro nemavambo emuchadenga. Muchadenga wedu nenzvimbo yedu mairi.
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvemuchadenga — kusanganisira nyeredzi nemapuraneti, uye gasi neguruva zvinobva mazviri — zvinoburitsa chiedza cheinfrared, dzimwe nguva chinonzi thermal radiation. Asi ndizvo zvakaitawo zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodziya, zvakaita setoaster, vanhu, uye electronics. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvishandiso zvina zveWebb zveinfrared zvinogona kuona chiedza chazvo cheinfrared. Kuti kuderedze kuburitswa uku, chishandiso chinofanira kunge chichitonhora zvikuru — chingangoita 40 Kelvin, kana kuti minus 388 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 233 degrees Celsius). Asi kuti zvishande zvakanaka, ma detector ari mukati me mid-infrared instrument, kana MIRI, anofanira kutonhora zvakanyanya: pasi pe7 Kelvin (minus 448 degrees Fahrenheit, kana minus 266 degrees Celsius).
Izvozvo zvinongova madhigirii mashoma pamusoro pe absolute zero (0 Kelvin) - tembiricha inotonhora zvikuru inogoneka mudzidziso, kunyangwe isingambosvikiki panyama nekuti inomiririra kusavapo kwekupisa zvachose. (Zvisinei, MIRI haisiriyo chishandiso chinotonhora kwazvo chemifananidzo chinoshanda muchadenga.)
Tembiricha inonyanya kuyera kuti maatomu ari kufamba nekukurumidza sei, uye pamusoro pekuona chiedza chawo che infrared, Webb detectors dzinogona kukonzerwa nekupisa kwavo. MIRI inoona chiedza chiri muchikamu chesimba chakaderera pane zvimwe zvishandiso zvitatu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ma detectors ayo anonyanya kunzwa kupisa. Aya masaini asingadiwe ndiwo anonzi nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi "ruzha," uye anogona kukunda masaini asina kusimba ari kuedza kuona Webb.
Mushure mekuburitswa, Webb achaisa visor yakakura sedare retenisi inodzivirira MIRI nezvimwe zviridzwa kubva mukupisa kwezuva, zvichivabvumira kutonhora zvisina kusimba. Kutanga mazuva angangoita 77 mushure mekuburitswa, cryocooler yeMIRI inotora mazuva 19 kuderedza tembiricha yezviyereso zvechishandiso ichi kusvika pasi pe7 Kelvin.
"Zviri nyore kutonhodza zvinhu kusvika patembiricha iyoyo panyika, kazhinji pakushandiswa kwesainzi kana kwemaindasitiri," akadaro Konstantin Penanen, nyanzvi yekuchera mvura paNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory muSouthern California. , iyo inotarisira MIRI instrument yeNASA. "Asi masisitimu iwayo epasi akakura zvikuru uye haashandise simba zvakanyanya. Kune nzvimbo yekuongorora nzvimbo, tinoda cooler ine simba shoma, inoshanda nesimba, uye inofanira kuva yakavimbika zvikuru nekuti hatigone kubuda toigadzirisa. Saka aya ndiwo matambudziko atinosangana nawo. , panyaya iyoyo, ndingati MIRI cryocoolers dziri pamberi."
Chimwe chezvinangwa zvesainzi zvaWebb ndechekudzidza hunhu hwenyeredzi dzekutanga dzakaumbwa muchadenga. Kamera yeWebb iri pedyo neinfrared kana kuti NIRCam chishandiso chichakwanisa kuona zvinhu izvi zviri kure zvakanyanya, uye MIRI ichabatsira masayendisiti kusimbisa kuti aya manyuko echiedza asina simba mapoka enyeredzi dzechizvarwa chekutanga, pane nyeredzi dzechizvarwa chechipiri dzakaumbwa gare gare mukushanduka kwegiraxy.
Nekutarisa makore eguruva akakora kupfuura zvishandiso zve near-infrared, MIRI icharatidza nzvimbo dzekuzvarwa kwenyeredzi. Ichaonawo mamorekuru anowanikwa pasi pano - akadai semvura, kabhoni dioxide nemethane, pamwe chete nemamorekuru ezvicherwa zvine matombo zvakaita sesilicates - munzvimbo dzinotonhorera dzakatenderedza nyeredzi dziri pedyo, uko mapuraneti anogona kuumbwa. Zvishandiso zve near-infrared zviri nani pakuona mamorekuru aya seutsi munzvimbo dzinopisa, nepo MIRI ichigona kuaona sechando.
"Nekubatanidza hunyanzvi hweUS neEurope, takagadzira MIRI sesimba reWebb, izvo zvichagonesa vanoongorora nyeredzi kubva kumativi ese epasi kupindura mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pekuti nyeredzi, mapuraneti nemagalaksi zvinoumbwa uye zvinoshanduka sei," akadaro Gillian Wright, mutungamiriri wechikwata chesainzi cheMIRI uye Muongorori Mukuru weEuropean wechiridzwa ichi paUK Astronomical Technology Centre (UK ATC).
MIRI cryocooler inoshandisa gasi rehelium—rakakwana kuzadza mabharumu mapfumbamwe emapato—kutakura kupisa kubva kuma detector emudziyo. Macompressor maviri emagetsi anopomba helium nepachubhu inosvika kune detector iri. Chubhu inofamba nepakati pebhuroko resimbi rakanamirwawo kune detector; helium inotonhorera inotora kupisa kwakawandisa kubva pabhuroko, zvichiita kuti tembiricha yekushanda kwe detector ive pasi pe 7 Kelvin. Gasi rinopisa (asi richiri kutonhora) rinozodzokera kucompressor, kwarinoburitsa kupisa kwakawandisa, uye kutenderera kunotanga zvakare. Chaizvoizvo, sisitimu iyi yakafanana neiyo inoshandiswa mumafiriji epamba nema air conditioner.
Mapaipi ane helium akagadzirwa nesimbi isina ngura yakafukidzwa negoridhe uye dhayamita yacho iri pasi pechikamu chimwe mugumi chemainji (2.5 mm) dhayamita. Inotambanuka mamita angangoita 10 kubva pacompressor iri munzvimbo yebhazi remuchadenga kusvika paMIRI detector iri muoptical telescope element iri kuseri kwegirazi guru remuchadenga remuchadenga. Hardware inonzi deployable tower assembly, kana kuti DTA, inobatanidza nzvimbo mbiri idzi. Kana yakarongedzwa kuti itange, DTA inomanikidzwa, senge piston, kuti ibatsire kuisa observatory yakaiswa mudziviriro iri pamusoro peroketi. Kana yangosvika muchadenga, shongwe yacho inotambanuka kuti iparadzanise bhazi remuchadenga remuchadenga kubva kumidziyo inotonhorera ye optical telescope uye inobvumira sunshade neteresikopu kuti zvishande zvizere.
Iyi mifananidzo inoratidza kushanda kwakanaka kweJames Webb Space Telescope maawa nemazuva mushure mekutangwa. Kuwedzera kwechikamu chepakati cheshongwe chinogona kushandiswa kuchawedzera daro pakati pezvikamu zviviri zveMIRI. Zvakabatana nemachubhu ehelical ane helium inotonhorera.
Asi maitiro ekureba anoda kuti chubhu yehelium iwedzere pamwe nekubatanidzwa kweshongwe inowedzerwa. Saka chubhu inomonereka sechitubu, ndosaka mainjiniya eMIRI vakatumidza chikamu ichi chechubhu kuti "Slinky".
"Pane zvimwe zvinetso pakushanda pahurongwa hunobatanidza nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemuobservatory," akadaro Analyn Schneider, maneja wechirongwa cheJPL MIRI. "Nzvimbo idzi dzakasiyana dzinotungamirwa nemasangano akasiyana kana nzvimbo, kusanganisira Northrop Grumman neUS NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, tinofanira kutaura nemunhu wese. Hapana imwe hardware pateresikopu inoda kuita izvozvo, saka idambudziko rakasiyana neMIRI. Zvechokwadi rave mutsetse murefu weMIRI cryocoolers road, uye tagadzirira kuzviona muchadenga."
Teresikopu yeJames Webb Space Telescope ichatanga muna 2021 senzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yekuongorora sainzi yemuchadenga pasi rose. Webb ichaburitsa zvakavanzika zvemuchadenga wedu, ichatarisa nyika dziri kure dzakatenderedza dzimwe nyeredzi, uye ichaongorora maumbirwo akavanzika nemavambo emuchadenga wedu nenzvimbo yedu. Webb chirongwa chepasi rose chinotungamirwa neNASA nevamwe vayo ESA (European Space Agency) neCanadian Space Agency.
MIRI yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekubatana kwe50-50 pakati peNASA neESA (European Space Agency).JPL inotungamira kuedza kweUS kweMIRI, uye boka renyika dzakawanda remasangano ezvenyeredzi ekuEurope rinobatsira kuESA.George Rieke weYunivhesiti yeArizona ndiye mutungamiri wechikwata chesainzi cheMIRI chekuUS.Gillian Wright ndiye mukuru wechikwata chesainzi chekuEurope cheMIRI.
Alistair Glasse weATC, UK ndiye MIRI Instrument Scientist uye Michael Ressler ndiye US Project Scientist paJPL. Laszlo Tamas weUK ndiye anotungamira European Union. Kugadzirwa kweMIRI cryocooler kwakatungamirirwa nekutungamirirwa neJPL vachibatsirana neNASA's Goddard Space Flight Center muGreenbelt, Maryland, uye Northrop Grumman muRedondo Beach, California.