Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bakoze igikorwa cyo "kwemera" igikoresho cya James Webb Space Telescope kiri hagati mu ntera ya infrared mu kigo cy’indege cya Goddard cya NASA nyuma yo kuva mu Bwongereza.
Abatekinisiye b'indege ba JPL Johnny Melendez (iburyo) na Joe Mora bareba icyuma gikonjesha cya MIRI mbere yo kucyohereza i Northrop Grumman i Redondo Beach, muri Kaliforuniya. Aho ngaho, icyuma gikonjesha gifatanye n'umubiri wa telesikope ya Webb.
Iki gice cy'igikoresho cya MIRI, cyagaragaye muri Laboratwari ya Appleton i Rutherford, mu Bwongereza, kirimo ibikoresho bipima infrared. Icyo cyuma gikonjesha kiri kure y'icyo cyuma gipima kuko gikora ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Umuyoboro utwara heliyumu ikonje uhuza ibice byombi.
MIRI (ibumoso) yicaye ku murambararo wa Northrop Grumman muri Redondo Beach mu gihe injeniyeri zitegura gukoresha icyuma cyo hejuru kugira ngo zigifatanye na Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM). ISIM ni inkingi ya Webb, ibikoresho bine bya siyansi bibika telesikope.
Mbere y'uko igikoresho cya MIRI — kimwe mu bikoresho bine bya siyansi biri ku cyumba cy’ubushakashatsi — gitangira gukora, kigomba gukonjeshwa kugeza ku bushyuhe bukonje cyane kurusha ubundi bwose bushobora kugeramo.
Telesikope y’ikirere ya NASA yitwa James Webb, iteganijwe gushyirwa ahagaragara ku ya 24 Ukuboza, ni yo ikigo kinini cyane cyo kugenzura ikirere mu mateka, kandi gifite akazi katoroshye: gukusanya urumuri rwa infrared ruturutse mu mpande za kure z’isanzure, bigatuma abahanga mu bya siyansi basuzuma imiterere n’inkomoko y’isanzure. Isi yacu n’umwanya wacu muri yo.
Ibintu byinshi byo mu kirere - birimo inyenyeri n'imibumbe, hamwe na gaze n'umukungugu bikomokamo - bisohora urumuri rwa infrared, rimwe na rimwe rwitwa imirasire y'ubushyuhe. Ariko n'ibindi bintu byinshi bishyushye, nka toasters, abantu, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Ibyo bivuze ko ibikoresho bine bya Webb bya infrared bishobora kubona urumuri rwabyo rwa infrared. Kugira ngo bigabanye iyo myuka ihumanya, igikoresho kigomba kuba gikonje cyane - hafi 40 Kelvin, cyangwa 388 Fahrenheit (dogere 233 Celsius). Ariko kugira ngo bikora neza, ibikoresho bipima biri mu gikoresho cyo hagati cya infrared, cyangwa MIRI, bigomba kuba bikonje cyane: munsi ya 7 Kelvin (dogere 448 Fahrenheit, cyangwa 266 Celsius).
Ibyo ni dogere nke gusa hejuru ya zeru rwose (0 Kelvin) - ubushyuhe bukonje cyane bushoboka mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, nubwo budashobora kugerwaho n'umubiri kuko bugaragaza ko nta bushyuhe na buke buriho. (Ariko, MIRI si cyo gikoresho gikonje cyane gifata amashusho gikorera mu kirere.)
Ubushyuhe ni igipimo cy'uburyo atome zihuta, kandi uretse kubona urumuri rwazo rwa infrared, Webb detectors zishobora guterwa no guhindagura kw'ubushyuhe bwazo. MIRI imenya urumuri ruri mu rwego rwo hasi rw'ingufu ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho bitatu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, izo detectors zirushaho kumva guhindagura kw'ubushyuhe. Ibyo bimenyetso bidakenewe ni byo abahanga mu by'ikirere bita "urusaku," kandi bishobora kurenga ibimenyetso bidakomeye Webb igerageza kubona.
Nyuma yo gutangiza, Webb azashyiraho visor ingana n'ikibuga cya tenisi ikingira MIRI n'ibindi bikoresho ubushyuhe bw'izuba, ibikemurire gukonja mu buryo butunguranye. Guhera ku minsi 77 nyuma yo gutangiza, cryocooler ya MIRI izafata iminsi 19 kugira ngo igabanye ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bipima igikoresho kugeza munsi ya 7 Kelvin.
“Biroroshye cyane gukonjesha ibintu kugeza ku bushyuhe nk’ubwo ku Isi, akenshi mu bikorwa bya siyansi cyangwa inganda,” ibi byavuzwe na Konstantin Penanen, inzobere mu gukonjesha ibintu muri Laboratwari ya Jet Propulsion ya NASA mu majyepfo ya California., icunga igikoresho cya MIRI cya NASA.” Ariko izo sisitemu zishingiye ku Isi ni nini cyane kandi ntizikoresha ingufu neza. Ku kigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu isanzure, dukeneye icyuma gikonjesha giciriritse, gikoresha ingufu nke, kandi kigomba kuba cyizewe cyane kuko tudashobora gusohoka ngo tubikosore. Rero izi ni zo mbogamizi duhura nazo. , muri urwo rwego, navuga ko ibyuma bikonjesha bya MIRI biri ku isonga rwose.”
Imwe mu ntego za siyansi za Webb ni ukwiga imiterere y'inyenyeri za mbere zabayeho mu isanzure. Kamera ya Webb iri hafi ya infrared cyangwa igikoresho cya NIRCam kizashobora kubona ibi bintu biri kure cyane, kandi MIRI izafasha abahanga mu bya siyansi kwemeza ko izi soko z'urumuri zidafite imbaraga ari amatsinda y'inyenyeri zo mu gihe cya mbere, aho kuba inyenyeri zo mu gihe cya kabiri zabayeho nyuma mu ihindagurika rya galaxy.
Mu kureba ibicu by'umukungugu binini kurusha ibikoresho birebire hafi ya infrarouge, MIRI izagaragaza aho inyenyeri zavukiye. Izamenya kandi molekile zikunze kuboneka ku Isi - nk'amazi, dioxyde de carbone na methane, ndetse na molekile z'amabuye y'agaciro nka silicates - mu bidukikije bikonje hafi y'inyenyeri zegereye, aho imibumbe ishobora kwirema. Ibikoresho birebire hafi ya infrarouge ni byiza kumenya izi molekile nk'umwuka mu bidukikije bishyushye, mu gihe MIRI ishobora kuzibona nk'urubura.
“Mu guhuza ubuhanga bwa Amerika n’ubw’i Burayi, twateje imbere MIRI nk’imbaraga za Webb, bizafasha abahanga mu by’ikirere baturutse impande zose z’isi gusubiza ibibazo bikomeye bijyanye n’uburyo inyenyeri, imibumbe n’inyenyeri zikora kandi zigahinduka,” ibi byavuzwe na Gillian Wright, Umuyobozi wungirije w’itsinda rya siyansi rya MIRI akaba n’Umushakashatsi Mukuru w’i Burayi muri icyo gikoresho mu Kigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga ry’Inyenyeri cyo mu Bwongereza (UK ATC).
Imashini ishyushya ya MIRI ikoresha umwuka wa heliyumu—uhagije kuzuza amabaluni icyenda y’amatsinda—kugira ngo ijyane ubushyuhe kure y’ibikoresho by’icyuma bipima. Compressor ebyiri z’amashanyarazi zipompa heliyumu mu muyoboro ugera aho icyuma gipima kiri. Umuyoboro unyura mu gice cy’icyuma gifatanye n’icyuma gipima; heliyumu ikonje ifata ubushyuhe burenze urugero kuva kuri icyo gice, bigatuma ubushyuhe bw’igikoresho gipima buri munsi ya dogere 7 za Kelvin. Gazi ishyushye (ariko iracyakonje) igaruka kuri compressor, aho isohora ubushyuhe burenze urugero, maze inzira ikongera gutangira. Mu by’ukuri, uburyo busa n’ubukoreshwa muri firigo n’ibyuma bikonjesha byo mu rugo.
Imiyoboro itwara heliyumu ikozwe mu cyuma gikozwe mu muringa wa zahabu kandi iri munsi ya mm 2.5 z'umurambararo. Igera kuri metero 10 uvuye kuri compressor iri mu gace ka bisi y'icyogajuru ikagera kuri MIRI detector iri mu gice cya telesikope y'urumuri kiri inyuma y'indorerwamo y'ibanze y'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi. Ibikoresho byitwa ihuriro ry'umunara rishobora gukoreshwa, cyangwa DTA, bihuza utwo duce twombi. Iyo bipakiye kugira ngo bitamburwe, DTA irakandamizwa, nk'ipistoni, kugira ngo ifashe gushyira ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi gishyizwe mu burinzi buri hejuru ya roketi. Iyo imaze kugera mu kirere, umunara uzaguka kugira ngo utandukanye bisi y'icyogajuru ikoresha ubushyuhe bw'icyumba n'ibikoresho bya telesikope y'urumuri bikonje kandi bitume urumuri rw'izuba na telesikope byinjira neza.
Iyi animasiyo igaragaza uburyo bwiza bwo gushyira mu bikorwa Telesikope y’ikirere ya James Webb amasaha n’iminsi nyuma yo kuyishyira mu bikorwa. Kwagura ihuriro ry’umunara wo hagati ukoreshwa bizongera intera iri hagati y’ibice bibiri bya MIRI. Bihujwe n’imiyoboro ya helikopu ikonjeshejwe.
Ariko inzira yo kurekura isaba ko umuyoboro wa helium wongerwa hamwe n’umunara ushobora kwaguka. Bityo umuyoboro uzunguruka nk'isoko, ari nayo mpamvu injeniyeri za MIRI bahimbye iki gice cy'umuyoboro "Slinky".
“Hari imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe mu gukora kuri sisitemu ikorera mu turere twinshi tw’ikigo cy’indorerezi,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Analyn Schneider, umuyobozi wa gahunda ya JPL MIRI. “Utu turere dutandukanye tuyoborwa n’imiryango cyangwa ibigo bitandukanye, harimo Northrop Grumman na Goddard Space Flight Center ya NASA yo muri Amerika, tugomba kuvugana na buri wese. Nta kindi gikoresho kiri kuri telesikope kigomba gukora ibyo, bityo ni ikibazo cyihariye kuri MIRI. Nta gushidikanya ko cyabaye umurongo muremure ku muhanda wa MIRI cryocoolers, kandi twiteguye kubibona mu kirere.”
Telesikope y’ikirere ya James Webb izatangizwa mu 2021 nk'ikigo cy’ingenzi ku isi gishinzwe ikoranabuhanga mu by’ikirere. Webb izahishura amayobera y’urusobe rw’izuba, irebe isi ya kure ikikije izindi nyenyeri, kandi isuzume imiterere n’inkomoko y’amayobera y’isanzure ryacu n’aho turi. Webb ni gahunda mpuzamahanga iyobowe na NASA n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo ESA (Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga mu by’Ijuru cy’u Burayi) n’Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga mu by’Ijuru cya Kanada.
MIRI yashinzwe binyuze mu bufatanye bwa 50-50 hagati ya NASA na ESA (Ikigo cy’Ibintu by’Ijuru cy’i Burayi). JPL iyobora ibikorwa bya Amerika kuri MIRI, kandi ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’ibigo by’inyenyeri by’i Burayi ritanga umusanzu muri ESA. George Rieke wo muri Kaminuza ya Arizona ni umuyobozi w’itsinda rya siyansi rya MIRI muri Amerika. Gillian Wright ni umuyobozi w’itsinda rya siyansi ry’i Burayi rya MIRI.
Alistair Glasse wo muri ATC, mu Bwongereza ni umuhanga mu by'ibikoresho bya MIRI naho Michael Ressler ni umuhanga mu by'imishinga muri Amerika muri JPL. Laszlo Tamas wo mu Bwongereza ni we uyobora Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Iterambere rya MIRI cryocooler ryayobowe kandi ricungwa na JPL ku bufatanye na Goddard Space Flight Center ya NASA i Greenbelt, muri Maryland, na Northrop Grumman i Redondo Beach, muri California.