Ke hana nei nā ʻenekinia i kahi "ʻae" ʻana i ka mea kani mid-infrared o ka James Webb Space Telescope ma ke Goddard Space Flight Center o NASA ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana mai UK.
Nānā nā loea mokulele JPL ʻo Johnny Melendez (ʻākau) lāua ʻo Joe Mora i ka cryocooler MIRI ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana iā Northrop Grumman ma Redondo Beach, Kaleponi. Ma laila, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka mea hoʻoluʻu i ke kino o ke kelepona Webb.
ʻO kēia ʻāpana o ka mea hana MIRI, i ʻike ʻia ma Appleton Laboratory ma Rutherford, UK, aia nā mea ʻike infrared. Aia ka cryocooler ma kahi mamao aku mai ka mea ʻike no ka mea hana ia ma kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili kahi paipu e lawe ana i ka helium anuanu i nā ʻāpana ʻelua.
Aia ʻo MIRI (hema) ma luna o kahi kaola kaulike ma Northrop Grumman ma Redondo Beach i ka wā e hoʻomākaukau ai nā ʻenekinia e hoʻohana i kahi crane overhead e hoʻopili iā ia i ka Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM). ʻO ka ISIM ke kikowaena o Webb, nā mea hana ʻepekema ʻehā e noho ana i ka telescope.
Ma mua o ka hana ʻana o ka mea hana MIRI — kekahi o nā mea hana ʻepekema ʻehā ma ka hale kiaʻi hōkū — pono e hoʻomaʻalili ʻia i ka mahana anuanu loa e hiki ai i ka mea ke hiki.
ʻO ka James Webb Space Telescope a NASA, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Dekemaba 24, ʻo ia ka hale kiaʻi lewa nui loa ma ka mōʻaukala, a he hana paʻakikī like kāna: ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka mālamalama infrared mai nā kihi mamao o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e ʻae ana i nā kānaka ʻepekema e ʻimi i ke ʻano a me ke kumu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ko kākou ao holoʻokoʻa a me ko kākou wahi i loko.
He nui nā mea cosmic - me nā hōkū a me nā hōkūhele, a me ke kinoea a me ka lepo mai ia mea a lākou e hana ai - e hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama infrared, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa he radiation thermal. Akā pēlā nō ka hapa nui o nā mea mahana ʻē aʻe, e like me nā toasters, nā kānaka, a me nā mea uila. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i nā mea hana infrared ʻehā a Webb ke ʻike i kā lākou kukui infrared ponoʻī. No ka hōʻemi ʻana i kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana, pono ke anuanu loa ka mea hana - ma kahi o 40 Kelvin, a i ʻole minus 388 degere Fahrenheit (minus 233 degere Celsius). Akā no ka hana pono ʻana, pono e anuanu nā mea ʻike i loko o ka mea hana mid-infrared, a i ʻole MIRI: ma lalo o 7 Kelvin (minus 448 degere Fahrenheit, a i ʻole minus 266 degere Celsius).
He mau kekelē wale nō ia ma luna o ka ʻole loa (0 Kelvin) - ʻo ia ka mahana anuanu loa ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hiki kino ʻia no ka mea ke hōʻike nei ia i ka nele loa o kekahi wela. (Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo MIRI ka mea hana kiʻi anuanu loa e hana ana ma ka lewa.)
ʻO ke ana wela ke ana o ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻātoma, a ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana i ko lākou kukui infrared ponoʻī, hiki ke hoʻāla ʻia nā mea ʻike Webb e kā lākou mau haʻalulu wela ponoʻī. ʻIke ʻo MIRI i ka mālamalama ma kahi pae ikehu haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea hana ʻekolu ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kāna mau mea ʻike i nā haʻalulu wela. ʻO kēia mau hōʻailona makemake ʻole ʻia ka mea a nā mea kilo hōkū e kapa nei he "walaʻau," a hiki iā lākou ke lanakila ma luna o nā hōʻailona palupalu a Webb e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻike.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, e hoʻolaha ʻo Webb i kahi pale maka e like me ke kahua tennis e pale aku iā MIRI a me nā mea kani ʻē aʻe mai ka wela o ka lā, e ʻae ana iā lākou e hoʻomaʻalili iki. E hoʻomaka ana ma kahi o 77 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, e lawe ka cryocooler o MIRI i 19 mau lā e hoʻemi i ka mahana o nā mea ʻike o ka mea kani ma lalo o 7 Kelvin.
"He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻolulu i nā mea i kēlā mahana ma ka Honua, pinepine no nā noi ʻepekema a ʻoihana paha," wahi a Konstantin Penanen, he loea cryocooler ma ka Jet Propulsion Laboratory a NASA ma Kaleponi Hema. , nāna e hoʻokele i ka mea hana MIRI no NASA. "Akā, he nui loa kēlā mau ʻōnaehana Honua a ʻaʻole pono ka ikehu. No kahi mea nānā lewa, pono mākou i kahi mea hoʻoluʻu i paʻa pono ke kino, pono ka ikehu, a pono e hilinaʻi nui ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hele i waho a hoʻoponopono. No laila, ʻo ia nā pilikia a mākou e kū nei. , ma ia ʻano, e ʻōlelo wau ʻo nā MIRI cryocoolers ma ke alo."
ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu ʻepekema a Webb, ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano o nā hōkū mua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa. E hiki i ke kāmela kokoke-infrared a Webb a i ʻole ka mea hana NIRCam ke ʻike i kēia mau mea mamao loa, a e kōkua ʻo MIRI i nā kānaka ʻepekema e hōʻoia i kēia mau kumu mālamalama palupalu he mau puʻupuʻu o nā hōkū hanauna mua, ma mua o nā hōkū hanauna ʻelua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka galaxy.
Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā ao lepo i ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma mua o nā mea hana kokoke i ka infrared, e hōʻike ʻo MIRI i nā wahi hānau o nā hōkū. E ʻike pū ia i nā molekala i loaʻa pinepine ʻia ma ka Honua - e like me ka wai, ke kalapona ʻokikene a me ka methane, a me nā molekala o nā minelala pōhaku e like me nā silicates - ma nā wahi anuanu a puni nā hōkū kokoke, kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hōkūhele. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana kokoke i ka infrared i ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau molekala ma ke ʻano he mahu i nā wahi wela, ʻoiai hiki iā MIRI ke ʻike iā lākou ma ke ʻano he hau.
"Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻike loea o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻEulopa, ua hoʻomohala mākou iā MIRI ma ke ʻano he mana o Webb, ka mea e hiki ai i nā mea kilo hōkū mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua ke pane i nā nīnau nui e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā hōkū, nā hōkūhele a me nā galaxies," wahi a Gillian Wright, ke alakaʻi pū o ka hui ʻepekema MIRI a me ka Luna Hoʻokolokolo Nui ʻEulopa no ka mea kani ma ke kikowaena ʻenehana Astronomical UK (UK ATC).
Hoʻohana ka MIRI cryocooler i ke kinoea helium—lawa ia e hoʻopiha i kahi o ʻeiwa mau baluna pāʻina—e lawe i ka wela mai nā mea ʻike o ka mea kani. Hoʻopili ʻelua mau compressors uila i ka helium ma o kahi paipu e hoʻolōʻihi ana i kahi e loaʻa ai ka mea ʻike. Holo ka paipu ma o kahi poloka metala i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mea ʻike; hoʻopili ka helium i hoʻoluʻu ʻia i ka wela keu mai ka poloka, e mālama ana i ka mahana hana o ka mea ʻike ma lalo o 7 Kelvin. A laila hoʻi ke kinoea wela (akā anu nō) i ka compressor, kahi e hoʻokuke aku ai i ka wela keu, a hoʻomaka hou ke kaʻina hana. Ma ke kumu, ua like ka ʻōnaehana me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pahu hau home a me nā ea ea.
Hana ʻia nā paipu e lawe ana i ka helium i ke kila kila gula a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi hapaʻumi o ka ʻīniha (2.5 mm) ke anawaena. Hoʻolōʻihi ia ma kahi o 30 kapuaʻi (10 mika) mai ka compressor i loaʻa ma kahi kaʻa mokulele a hiki i ka mea ʻike MIRI i loko o ka ʻāpana telescope optical i loaʻa ma hope o ke aniani mua o ka observatory. Hoʻohui nā lako i kapa ʻia he deployable tower assembly, a i ʻole DTA, i nā wahi ʻelua. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka DTA, e like me ka piston, e kōkua i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka observatory i mālama ʻia i loko o ka pale ma luna o ka rocket. I ka manawa i ka lewa, e hoʻolōʻihi ka hale kiaʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaʻa mokulele mahana lumi mai nā mea hana telescope optical anuanu a ʻae i ka pale lā a me ke telescope e hoʻolaha piha.
Hōʻike kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ka hoʻokō kūpono o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka James Webb Space Telescope i nā hola a me nā lā ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻaha hale kiaʻi waena e hoʻonui i ka mamao ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka MIRI. Hoʻopili ʻia lākou e nā ʻōmole helical me ka helium i hoʻomaʻalili ʻia.
Akā, pono ke kaʻina hana elongation e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka paipu helium me ka hui hale kiaʻi hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia. No laila, ua like nā ʻōwili paipu me ka pūnāwai, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai kēia ʻāpana o ka paipu ʻo "Slinky" e nā ʻenekinia MIRI.
"Aia kekahi mau pilikia i ka hana ʻana ma kahi ʻōnaehana e uhi ana i nā wahi he nui o ka observatory," wahi a Analyn Schneider, ka luna hoʻokele papahana JPL MIRI. "Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei kēia mau wahi like ʻole e nā hui a i ʻole nā ​​kikowaena like ʻole, me Northrop Grumman a me ke kikowaena lele mokulele Goddard Space Flight Center o ka US NASA, pono mākou e kamaʻilio me nā mea āpau. ʻAʻohe lako ʻē aʻe ma ka telescope e pono ai ke hana i kēlā, no laila he pilikia kūikawā ia no MIRI. He laina lōʻihi loa ia no ke alanui cryocoolers o MIRI, a ua mākaukau mākou e ʻike iā ia ma ka lewa."
E hoʻomaka ʻia ka James Webb Space Telescope i ka makahiki 2021 ma ke ʻano he hale kiaʻi ʻepekema lewa mua loa o ka honua. E wehewehe ʻo Webb i nā mea pohihihi o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā, e nānā i nā honua mamao a puni nā hōkū ʻē aʻe, a e ʻimi i nā ʻano pohihihi a me nā kumu o ko mākou ao holoʻokoʻa a me ko mākou wahi. He hana honua ʻo Webb i alakaʻi ʻia e NASA a me kāna mau hoa ESA (European Space Agency) a me ka Canadian Space Agency.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo MIRI ma o kahi hui like ʻana 50-50 ma waena o NASA a me ESA (European Space Agency). Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo JPL i ka hana a ʻAmelika no MIRI, a he hui multinational o nā ʻoihana astronomical ʻEulopa e kōkua i ka ESA. ʻO George Rieke o ke Kulanui o Arizona ke alakaʻi o ka hui ʻepekema US o MIRI. ʻO Gillian Wright ke poʻo o ka hui ʻepekema ʻEulopa o MIRI.
ʻO Alistair Glasse o ATC, UK he MIRI Instrument Scientist a ʻo Michael Ressler he US Project Scientist ma JPL. ʻO Laszlo Tamas o UK ATC ke alakaʻi nei i ka ʻAhahui ʻEulopa. Ua alakaʻi ʻia a mālama ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka MIRI cryocooler e JPL me ka laulima ʻana me ke Goddard Space Flight Center ma NASA ma Greenbelt, Maryland, a me Northrop Grumman ma Redondo Beach, Kaleponi.