Kei te hohonu haere te maina i ia tau – 30 m, e ai ki ngā pūrongo a te umanga.
I te piki haere o te hōhonutanga, ka piki haere hoki te hiahia mō te hauhautanga me te whakamatao, ā, e mōhio ana a Howden ki tēnei mai i tana wheako ki te mahi me ngā maina hohonu rawa atu o Āwherika ki te Tonga.
I whakatūria a Howden i te tau 1854 e James Howden i Kōtirana hei kamupene miihini moana, ā, i uru atu ki Āwherika ki te Tonga i ngā tau 1950 hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā ahumahi keri me te hiko. I te tekau tau atu i 1960, i āwhina te kamupene ki te whakarato i ngā maina koura hohonu o te whenua ki ngā pūnaha hauhautanga me te whakamatao katoa e hiahiatia ana hei tango haumaru me te whai hua i ngā maero o te konganuku i raro i te whenua.
"I te tīmatanga, ko te hauhautanga anake i whakamahia e te maina hei tikanga whakamatao, engari i te pikinga ake o te hohonutanga o te keri, i hiahiatia te whakamatao ā-pūkaha hei whakaea i te kawenga wera e piki haere ana i roto i te maina," te kōrero a Teunes Wasserman, te tumuaki o te wehenga Whakamatao me te Pūwero Maina o Howden, ki a IM.
He maha ngā maina koura hohonu i Āwherika ki te Tonga kua tāuta i ngā pūwhakamatao Freon™ i runga ake, i raro hoki i te whenua hei whakarato i te whakamatao e tika ana mō ngā kaimahi me ngā taputapu o raro whenua.
Ahakoa te whakapainga o te āhua o nāianei, i kitea he raruraru te pūnaha whakamarara wera o te mīhini raro whenua, nā te mea i whakawhāitihia te kaha whakamatao o te mīhini e te pāmahana me te nui o te hau putanga e wātea ana, e ai ki tā Wasserman. I taua wā anō, i tino poke ngā whakawhiti wera anga-me-ngā-ngongo i whakamahia i roto i ēnei pouaka whakamatao tohanga o mua i te kounga o te wai maina.
Hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, ka tīmata ngā maina ki te pupuhi i te hau matao mai i te mata ki te whenua. Ahakoa ka whakanui ake tēnei i te kaha whakamatao, ka noho te hanganga e tika ana ki te wāhi i roto i te silo, ā, he nui te kaha me te kaha e pau ana i te tukanga.
Hei whakatika i ēnei take, e hiahia ana ngā maina ki te whakanui ake i te nui o te hau matao e kawea mai ana ki te whenua mā roto i ngā waeine wai matao.
Nā tēnei i akiaki a Howden ki te whakauru i ngā whakamatao tīwiri amino ki ngā maina i Āwherika ki te Tonga, tuatahi i te wā kotahi i muri i ngā whakamatao pūwero mata o mua. Nā tēnei i piki ake te nui o te whakamatao ka taea te tuku ki ēnei maina koura hohonu i raro i te whenua, ā, ka heke te pāmahana wai mata toharite mai i te 6-8°C ki te 1°C. Ka taea e te maina te whakamahi i te hanganga paipa maina kotahi, he maha kua tāuta kē, me te whakanui ake i te nui o te whakamatao e tukuna ana ki ngā paparanga hohonu ake.
Tata ki te 20 tau i muri i te whakaurunga o te WRV 510, i whakawhanakehia e Howden, he kaitākaro mākete matua i te ao, te WRV 510, he pūwhakapūngao tīwiri poraka nui me te rotor 510 mm. Ko tētahi o ngā pūwhakapūngao tīwiri nui rawa atu i te mākete i taua wā, ā, i rite ki te rahi o te waeine whakamatao e hiahiatia ana hei whakamatao i aua maina hohonu o Āwherika ki te Tonga.
"He mea tino rerekē tēnei nā te mea ka taea e ngā maina te tāuta i tētahi pouaka whakamatao kotahi 10-12 MW hei utu mō te maha o ngā pouaka whakamatao," te kī a Wasserman. "I roto i taua wā anō, he pai te haukini hei pouaka whakamatao matomato mō ngā huinga o ngā pūwhakakoi tīwiri me ngā whakawhiti wera pereti."
I whakapūmautia ngā whakaaro mō te haukini ki roto i ngā whakaritenga me ngā paerewa haumaru mō te haukini mō te umanga keri, ā, he mea nui te mahi a Howden i roto i te tukanga hoahoa. Kua whakahoutia ēnei, ā, kua whakaurua ki roto i te ture o Āwherika ki te Tonga.
E kitea ana tēnei angitu i te whakaurunga o te neke atu i te 350 MW o te kaha whakamatao haukini e te umanga keri o Āwherika ki te Tonga, e kiia nei ko te mea nui rawa atu o te ao.
Engari kāore i mutu i reira te auahatanga a Howden i Āwherika ki te Tonga: i te tau 1985 i tāpirihia e te kamupene tētahi mīhini hukapapa mata ki āna mīhini whakamatao maina e tipu haere ana.
I te mea kua whakanuia, kua kiia rānei he utu nui rawa ngā kōwhiringa whakamatao o te mata me te raro whenua, me rapu he otinga whakamatao hou mō ngā maina hei whakawhānui ake i te maina ki ngā taumata hohonu ake.
I te tau 1985 i whakatūria ai e Howden tana tipu hanga hukapapa tuatahi (hei tauira i raro nei) i te EPM (East Rand Proprietary Mine) ki te rawhiti o Johannesburg, ko te kaha whakamatao whakamutunga o te 40 MW me te kaha hukapapa o te 4320 tana ia hāora.
Ko te pūtake o te mahi ko te hanga hukapapa i runga i te mata, ka haria mā roto i te maina ki tētahi tāhuna hukapapa i raro i te whenua, ka hurihia te wai mai i te tāhuna hukapapa ki ngā teihana whakamatao i raro i te whenua, ka whakamahia rānei hei wai tukatuka mō ngā poka keri. Kātahi ka papua te hukapapa rewa ki te mata.
Ko te painga matua o tēnei pūnaha hanga hukapapa ko te whakaiti i ngā utu papu, e whakaiti ana i ngā utu whakahaere e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha wai whakamatao mata mā te 75-80%. Ko te take o tēnei ko te "pūngao whakamatao e rongoa ana i roto i ngā whakawhiti āhua o te wai," te kī a Wasserman, me te whakamārama he rite te kaha whakamatao o te 1kg/s o te hukapapa ki te 4.5-5kg/s o te wai tio.
Nā te "pai o te tūnga", ka taea te pupuri i te pā o raro whenua i te 2-5°C hei whakapai ake i te mahi wera o te teihana whakamatao hau o raro whenua, kia nui ake ai anō te kaha whakamatao.
Ko tētahi atu painga o te hiranga motuhake o tētahi tipu hiko hukapapa i Āwherika ki te Tonga, he whenua e mōhiotia ana mō tana whatunga hiko kore pumau, ko te kaha o te pūnaha ki te whakamahi hei tikanga rokiroki wera, te wāhi e hangaia ai te hukapapa me te kohikohi i roto i ngā tāhuna hukapapa o raro whenua me ngā wā tino pukumahi.
Nā tēnei painga whakamutunga i ārahi ki te whanaketanga o tētahi kaupapa mahi tahi ahumahi e tautokona ana e Eskom, e rangahau ana a Howden i te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini hanga hukapapa hei whakaiti i te tono hiko nui, me ngā whakamātautau i Mponeng me Moab Hotsong, ngā maina hohonu rawa o raro whenua o te ao.
"I whakatio mātou i te tāhuna i te pō (i muri i ngā hāora mahi) ā, i whakamahia te wai me te hukapapa rewa hei puna whakamatao mō te maina i ngā hāora pīki," te whakamārama a Wasserman. "Ka whakawetohia ngā waeine whakamatao turanga i ngā wā pīki, ka whakaiti i te kawenga ki runga i te whatunga."
Nā tēnei i hua ake ai te whanaketanga o tētahi mīhini hukapapa kua oti te whakarite ki Mponeng, ā, i reira i oti ai i a Howden ngā mahi tae atu ki ngā taputapu ā-iwi, hiko me te mīhini mō tētahi mīhini hukapapa 12 MW, 120 tana/h.
Ko ngā tāpiritanga hou ki te rautaki whakamatao matua a Mponeng ko te huka ngohengohe, te wai whakamatao o te mata, ngā whakamatao hau mata (BAC) me te pūnaha whakamatao o raro whenua. Ko te noho o ngā kukū teitei o ngā tote me ngā pūhaumāota rewa i roto i ngā wai maina i te wā e mahi ana.
Ko te nui o te wheako o Āwherika ki te Tonga me tōna arotahi ki ngā otinga, ehara i te mea ko ngā hua anake, kei te haere tonu te whakarerekē i ngā pūnaha pouaka whakamātao huri noa i te ao, e ai ki a ia.
E ai ki tā Wasserman i kōrero ai, i te mea ka nui haere ngā maina e hōhonu haere ana, ka nui haere hoki te wāhi i roto i ngā maina, he māmā noa te kite i ngā otinga pēnei e kitea ana i ētahi atu wāhi o te ao.
I mea atu a Meinhardt: "Kua roa a Howden e kaweake ana i tana hangarau whakamatao maina hohonu ki Āwherika ki te Tonga. Hei tauira, i tukuna e mātou ngā otinga whakamatao maina mō ngā maina koura o raro whenua i Nevada i ngā tau 1990."
"Ko tētahi hangarau whakamere e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi maina o Āwherika ki te Tonga ko te rokiroki i te hukapapa wera hei whakawhiti kawenga – ka rongoatia te pūngao wera ki roto i ngā tāke hukapapa nui. Ka hangaia te hukapapa i ngā hāora pīki, ā, ka whakamahia i ngā hāora pīki," tana kī. "I ngā wā o mua, ka hangaia ngā waeine pouaka whakamātao mō te pāmahana taiao mōrahi ka eke ki te toru hāora ia rā i ngā marama raumati. Heoi, ki te mea kei a koe te kaha ki te rokiroki i te pūngao whakamatao, ka taea e koe te whakaiti i taua kaha."
"Mēnā he mahere tāu mō te tere tere o te mahi, ā, e hiahia ana koe ki te whakapai ake ki ngā utu iti ake i ngā wā kāore i te tino tere, ka taea e ēnei otinga hanga hukapapa te hanga i tētahi take pakihi pakari," tana kī. "Ka taea e te whakapaipai tuatahi mō te tipu te whakakore i ngā utu whakahaere iti iho."
I taua wā anō, ko te BAC, kua roa nei e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā maina o Āwherika ki te Tonga, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te ao.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hoahoa BAC tuku iho, he nui ake te pai o te whakamahinga wera o te whakatupuranga hou o ngā BAC i ō rātou mua, he iti ake ngā rohe pāmahana hau maina, ā, he iti ake te tapuwae. Ka whakauruhia hoki e rātou he waeine whakamatao-i-te-tono (CoD) ki roto i te tūāpapa Howden Ventsim CONTROL, e whakarerekē aunoa ana i te pāmahana hau kara kia rite ki ngā hiahia o raro i te mata.
I roto i te tau kua hipa, kua tukuna e Howden ētahi BAC whakatipuranga hou e toru ki ngā kiritaki i Brazil me Burkina Faso.
Ka taea hoki e te kamupene te whakaputa i ngā otinga ritenga mō ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua; ko tētahi tauira tata nei ko te tāutanga 'ahurei' o ngā whakamatao haukini BAC mō OZ Minerals i te maina Carrapateena i Ahitereiria ki te Tonga.
"I tāutahia e Howden ngā pūwhakamātao maroke me ngā pūwhakamātao hau haukū Howden me ngā whakamatao hau maroke porowhita kati ki Ahitereiria i te korenga o te wai e wātea ana," te kī a Wasserman mō te tāutanga. "I te mea he tāutanga 'maroke' tēnei, ehara i te mea he whakamatao rehu tuwhera kua tāutahia ki roto i ngā pūnaha wai, kua hangaia ēnei whakamatao kia tino whai hua."
Kei te whakamātautau te kamupene i tētahi otinga aroturuki wā mahi mō tētahi tipu BAC 8 MW kei uta (kei raro nei te pikitia) i hoahoatia, i hangaia hoki ki te maina Yaramoko Fortuna Silver (ko Roxgold i mua) i Burkina Faso.
Mā te pūnaha, e whakahaerehia ana e te tipu Howden i Johannesburg, ka taea e te kamupene te tuku tohutohu mō ngā whakapainga pea mō te whai huatanga me te tiaki kia mau tonu ai te mahi a te tipu ki tōna taumata teitei. Kua hangaia hoki te wāhanga BAC i te whare keri Caraiba i Ero Copper, Brazil hei whakamahi i tēnei āhuatanga.
Kei te haere tonu te tūāpapa o te Total Mine Ventilation Solutions (TMVS) ki te hanga hononga uara-tāpiri pumau, ā, ka whakarewahia e te kamupene ētahi rangahau whaihua Ventilation On Demand (VoD) e rua i te motu i te tau 2021.
I te rohe tonu o Zimbabwe, kei te mahi te kamupene i tētahi kaupapa e āhei ai ngā tatau aunoa i roto i ngā maina o raro whenua ki te whakaata ataata-i-te-tono, kia taea ai e rātou te whakatuwhera i ngā wā rerekē me te whakarato i te nui o te hau whakamatao e tika ana i runga i ngā hiahia motuhake o te waka.
Ko tēnei whanaketanga hangarau, mā te whakamahi i ngā hanganga maina e wātea ana me ngā puna raraunga kua oti te whakarite, ka noho hei wāhanga nui o ngā hua a Howden ā muri ake nei.
Te wheako o Howden i Āwherika ki te Tonga: Akohia me pēhea te hoahoa i ngā otinga whakamatao hei whakatau i te kounga wai ngoikore i ana maina koura hohonu, me pēhea te hanga i ngā otinga kia whai hua te pūngao hei karo i ngā raruraru whatunga, me pēhea hoki te whakatutuki i ētahi o ngā whakaritenga kounga hau tino kaha. ngā whakaritenga pāmahana me te hauora mahi puta noa i te ao Ko te ture – ka haere tonu te utu mō ngā maina huri noa i te ao.
International Mining Team Publishing Ltd 2 Claridge Court, Lower Kings Road Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Ingarangi HP4 2AF, UK