Pasinei nekuti mapaipi esimbi asingatsvi, mapaipi esimbi asingatsvi akaiswa munzvimbo dzegungwa anosangana nemhando dzakasiyana dzengura munguva yaanotarisirwa. Kuora uku kunogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kurasikirwa nezvigadzirwa uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika. Varidzi vemapuratifomu ekunze kwenyika nevanoshandisa mapuratifomu vanogona kuderedza njodzi yekuora nekusarudza zvinhu zvepombi zvakasimba zvinopa kudzivirira kuri nani kwekuora. Mushure mezvo, vanofanirwa kuramba vakangwarira pavanenge vachiongorora majekiseni emakemikari, mitsetse ye hydraulic ne impulse, uye michina ye processing ne sensing kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti ngura haityisidzi kuvimbika kwemapaipi akaiswa uye inokuvadza kuchengetedzeka.
Kuora kwenzvimbo kunogona kuwanikwa pamapuratifomu akawanda, ngarava, ngarava, uye mapaipi munzvimbo dziri kunze kwenyika. Kuora uku kunogona kunge kuri muchimiro chekuora kwegomba kana kucheka, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa madziro epombi uye kukonzera kuburitswa kwemvura.
Njodzi yekuora yakakura kana tembiricha yekushanda kwechinhu ichi ikawedzera. Kupisa kunogona kukurumidzisa kuparadzwa kwefirimu rekudzivirira rekunze risingashandise oxide rechubhu, nokudaro zvichikurudzira kuumbwa kwekuora kwegomba.
Zvinosuwisa kuti ngura iri munzvimbo ine makomba inogona kuoma kuona, zvichiita kuti mhando idzi dzengura dziome kuziva, kufanotaura uye kugadzira. Zvichitevera njodzi idzi, varidzi vepuratifomu, vashandisi nevakasarudzwa vanofanira kungwarira pavanosarudza zvinhu zvakanakisa zvekushandisa papombi. Kusarudza zvinhu ndiyo nzira yavo yekutanga yekudzivirira ngura, saka kuita nemazvo kwakakosha. Nerombo rakanaka, vanogona kusarudza vachishandisa chiyero chiri nyore asi chinoshanda kwazvo chekudzivirira ngura munzvimbo ine makomba, Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). Kana simbi yakakwira, PREN inowedzera kuramba kwayo ngura munzvimbo ine makomba.
Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora maitirwo ekuona ngura iri mumakomba uye ngura dziri mumakomba uye maitirwo ekugadzirisa machubhu ekushandisa mafuta negasi zviri kunze kwegungwa zvichienderana nePREN yechinhu chacho.
Kuora kwenzvimbo kunoitika munzvimbo diki zvichienzaniswa nekuora kwakajairika, uko kwakafanana pamusoro pesimbi. Kuora kwegomba nepaburi kunotanga kuumbwa pamapaipi esimbi asingatsvi 316 apo firimu resimbi rekunze rine chromium-rich passive oxide rinoputika nekuda kwekusangana nemvura inoparadza, kusanganisira mvura yemunyu. Nzvimbo dzegungwa dzine chloride yakawanda mugungwa nemumahombekombe, pamwe chete nekupisa kwakanyanya uye kunyange kusvibiswa kwepombi, zvinowedzera mukana wekuora kwefirimu iyi yepassivation.
kupwanya gomba. Kupwanya gomba kunoitika kana firimu repasi rinotenderera papombi rakaparadzwa, zvichiita makomba madiki kana makomba pamusoro pepombi. Makomba akadaro anogona kukura sezvo maitikiro emagetsi anoitika, zvichiita kuti simbi iri musimbi inyungudike ichipinda mumushonga uri pasi pegomba. Simbi yakanyungudika inobva yapararira ichienda pamusoro pegomba yoita oxidize kuti igadzire iron oxide kana ngura. Sezvo gomba richidzika, maitikiro emagetsi anokurumidza, ngura inowedzera, uye inogona kutungamira pakuboorwa kwemadziro epombi uye kutungamira pakubuda kwemvura.
Kuisa machubhu kunonyanya kukonzera ngura kana pamusoro payo pakasvibiswa (Mufananidzo 1). Semuenzaniso, kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nekuwelding uye kugaya kunogona kukuvadza jira re oxide rinopinda mupombi, nokudaro zvichigadzira uye kukurumidzisa ngura inopinda mupombi. Izvi zvinoshandawo pakungogadzirisa kusvibiswa kunobva mumapombi. Pamusoro pezvo, sezvo madonhwe emvura inoyerera, makristaro emunyu akanyorova anoumbwa pamapombi anoita zvimwe chete kudzivirira jira re oxide uye zvinogona kutungamira mukuora kwenzvimbo. Kuti udzivise kusvibiswa kwemhando idzi, chengetedza mapaipi ako akachena nekuageza nemvura yakachena nguva dzose.
Mufananidzo 1 - 316/316L pombi yesimbi isina ngura yakasvibiswa neasidhi, brine nezvimwe zvinhu zvinosvibisa inogona kubatwa nengura ine makomba.
ngura yemupako. Kazhinji, makomba anogona kuonekwa zviri nyore nemushandisi. Zvisinei, ngura yemupako haisi nyore kuona uye inokonzera njodzi huru kune vanoishandisa nevashandi. Inowanzoitika pamapaipi ane nzvimbo dzakamanikana pakati pezvinhu zvakatenderedza, zvakaita semapaipi akabatwa panzvimbo nema clips kana mapaipi akaiswa zvakasimba padivi nepadivi. Kana brine ichipinda mupako, makemikari ane acidified ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution inoumbwa munzvimbo iyi nekufamba kwenguva uye inokonzera ngura yemupako inokurumidza (Mufananidzo 2). Nekuti makomba pachawo anowedzera njodzi yengura, ngura yemupako inogona kuitika patembiricha yakaderera pane ngura yemupako.
Mufananidzo 2 - Kuora kwemupata kunogona kuitika pakati pepombi nerutsigiro rwepombi (kumusoro) uye kana pombi yacho yakaiswa pedyo nedzimwe nzvimbo (pasi) nekuda kwekuumbwa kwemushonga we ferric chloride une acidity mumukanwa.
Kuora kwemupata kunowanzo tevedzera ngura iri mugomba kutanga mumukanwa wakagadzirwa pakati pehurefu hwepombi nechikamu chekutsigira pombi. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweFe++ mumvura iri mukati mekutyoka, gomba rekutanga rinokura kusvika rafukidza kutyoka kwese. Pakupedzisira, ngura yemupata inogona kuboora pombi.
Kutsemuka kwakasimba ndiyo njodzi huru yekuora. Nokudaro, maclamp emapaipi anotenderera chikamu chikuru chepombi anowanzo kupa njodzi huru kupfuura maclamp akavhurika, ayo anoderedza kusangana kwepombi neclamp. Nyanzvi dzekugadzirisa dzinogona kubatsira kuderedza mukana wekuora kwakatsemuka zvichikonzera kukuvara kana kukundikana nekuvhura maclamp nguva dzose uye kuongorora pamusoro pepombi kuti hapana ngura.
Kuora kwegomba uye kukuvara kwegomba kunogona kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya nekusarudza alloy yesimbi yakakodzera kushandiswa. Vagadziri vezvinhu vanofanirwa kungwarira kusarudza zvinhu zvepombi zvakakodzera kuderedza njodzi yekuora zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekushanda, mamiriro ekushanda nezvimwe zvinhu.
Kuti vabatsire vanosarudza zvinhu kuti vagone kusarudza zvinhu, vanogona kuenzanisa PREN values ​​​​dzesimbi kuti vaone kuti dzinoramba sei ngura munzvimbo iyoyo. PREN inogona kuverengerwa kubva pamakemikari ari mu alloy, kusanganisira chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), uye nitrogen (N), seizvi:
PREN inowedzera nekuwedzera kwezvinhu zvinodzivirira ngura mu chromium, molybdenum uye nitrogen mu alloy. Hukama hwePREN hwakavakirwa pakupisa kwe critical pitting (CPT) - tembiricha yakaderera iyo ngura ye pitting inoonekwa - kune akasiyana masimbi asina ngura maererano nekuumbwa kwemakemikari. Chaizvoizvo, PREN inoenderana neCPT. Saka, PREN yakakwira inoratidza kuramba kwakakwira kwe pitting. Kuwedzera kudiki muPREN kwakaenzana nekuwedzera kudiki muCPT zvichienzaniswa ne alloy, nepo kuwedzera kukuru muPREN kunoratidza kuvandudzika kukuru mukushanda kusvika kuCPT yakakwira zvakanyanya.
Tafura 1 inoenzanisa kukosha kwePREN kwema alloys akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa mumafuta negasi ari kunze kwenyika. Inoratidza kuti zvinodiwa zvinogona sei kuvandudza zvakanyanya kusimba kwengura nekusarudza alloy yepombi yepamusoro. PREN inowedzera zvishoma chete kana ichichinja kubva ku316 kuenda ku317 simbi isina ngura. Kuti iwedzere kushanda kwayo, 6 Mo super austenitic stainless steel kana 2507 super duplex steel ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa.
Kuwanda kwe nickel (Ni) musimbi isingatsvinda kunowedzerawo kuramba ngura. Zvisinei, huwandu hwe nickel musimbi isingatsvinda hausi chikamu chePREN equation. Chero zvazvingava, zvinowanzobatsira kusarudza simbi dzisingatsvinda dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwe nickel, sezvo chinhu ichi chinobatsira kudzorera pasi penzvimbo dzinoratidza zviratidzo zvekuora munzvimbo. Nickel inosimbisa austenite uye inodzivirira kuumbwa kwemartensite pakukombama kana kutonhora ichidhonza 1/8 hard pipe. Martensite ichikamu chisingadiwi che crystalline musimbi chinoderedza kuramba kwesimbi isingatsvinda ngura munzvimbo pamwe nekupwanyika kwe chloride-induced stress. Hunhu hwakawanda hwe nickel hweinenge 12% mu 316/316L hunodiwawo pakushandisa hydrogen ine gasi rakawanda. Hunhu hushoma hwe nickel hunodiwa pa 316/316L stainless steel muASTM standard specification i10%.
Kuora kwenzvimbo kunogona kuitika chero kupi zvako pamapombi anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzegungwa. Zvisinei, ngura ine makomba inogona kuitika munzvimbo dzakatosvibiswa, nepo ngura ine mipata ichiwanzoitika munzvimbo dzine mipata midiki pakati pepombi nemidziyo yekuisira. Uchishandisa PREN sehwaro, mugadziri anogona kusarudza alloy yepombi yakanakisa kuderedza njodzi yemhando ipi zvayo yekuora kwenzvimbo.
Zvisinei, yeuka kuti kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa njodzi yekuora. Semuenzaniso, tembiricha inokanganisa kuramba kwesimbi isingatsvedzeri. Kune mamiriro ekunze anopisa egungwa, 6 molybdenum super austenitic kana 2507 super duplex stainless steel pipe inofanira kufungwa zvakanyanya nekuti zvinhu izvi zvinodzivirira zvakanyanya ngura yenzvimbo uye chloride stress cracking. Kune mamiriro ekunze anotonhorera, 316/316L pipe inogona kukwana, kunyanya kana nhoroondo yekushandiswa zvakanaka yavepo.
Varidzi vemapuratifomu ekunze kwenyika nevanoshandisa mapuratifomu vanogonawo kutora matanho ekuderedza njodzi yekuora mushure mekunge machubhu aiswa. Vanofanira kuchengetedza mapaipi akachena uye achishamba nemvura yakachena nguva dzose kuderedza njodzi yekuora. Vanofanirawo kuva nemainjiniya ekugadzirisa vanovhura machubhu panguva yekuongorora nguva dzose kuti vaone kana paine ngura yakatsemuka.
Vachitevera matanho ataurwa pamusoro apa, varidzi vemapuratifomu nevanoshandisa mapuratifomu vanogona kuderedza njodzi yekuora kwemachubhu uye kudonha kwakabatana nawo munzvimbo dzegungwa, vachivandudza kuchengetedzeka uye kushanda zvakanaka, uku vachideredza mukana wekurasikirwa nechigadzirwa kana kuburitswa kweutsi hunobuda.
Brad Bollinger is the Oil and Gas Marketing Manager for Swagelok Company.He can be reached at bradley.bollinger@swagelok.com.
Magazini inonzi Journal of Petroleum Technology ndiyo magazini huru yeSociety of Petroleum Engineers, inopa ruzivo rwakasimba nezvekufambira mberi mukutsvaga nekugadzira tekinoroji, nyaya dzeindasitiri yemafuta negasi, uye nhau nezveSPE nenhengo dzayo.