P: Kua tīmata mātou i ētahi mahi e hiahia ana kia hangaia ētahi wāhanga ki te maitai kore waikura 304, he mea whakarewa ki a ia anō me te maitai ngawari. Kua pā mai ētahi raruraru pakaru ki a mātou i ngā whakarewa maitai kore waikura ki te maitai kore waikura tae atu ki te 1.25″ te matotoru. I whakahuatia he iti ā mātou tau ferrite. Ka taea e koe te whakamārama he aha tēnei, me pēhea te whakatika?
A: He pātai pai tēnei. Ae, ka taea e mātou te āwhina i a koe ki te mārama ki te tikanga o te iti o te maha o ngā ferrite me pēhea te ārai i tēnei.
Tuatahi, me arotake tātou i te whakamāramatanga o te maitai kore waikura (SS) me te hononga o te ferrite ki ngā hononga whakarewa. Kei roto i te maitai pango me ngā koranu neke atu i te 50% te rino. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā maitai waro me te koranu kore waikura katoa me ētahi atu rōpū kua tautuhia. Kāore he rino i roto i te konumohe, te parahi me te titanium, nō reira he tauira pai rawa atu ēnei o ngā koranu kore-ferrous.
Ko ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei koranu ko te maitai waro me te iti rawa 90% te rino me te SS me te 70 ki te 80% te rino. Hei whakarōpūtia hei SS, me tāpirihia he 11.5% te chromium. Mā ngā taumata chromium i runga ake i tēnei paepae iti rawa ka whakatairanga i te hanganga o ngā kiriata chromium oxide i runga i ngā mata maitai, ā, ka ārai i te hanganga waikura pērā i te waikura (waikura rino) te waikura rānei i puta mai i te whakaekenga matū.
E toru ngā rōpū matua o te SS: te austenite, te ferrite me te martensite. Nō te hanganga tioata pāmahana-rūma te ingoa o ēnei. Ko tētahi atu rōpū noa ko te SS takirua, he taurite i waenga i te ferrite me te austenite i roto i te hanganga tioata.
Ko ngā karaehe Austenitic, te raupapa 300, kei roto ko te 16% ki te 30% chromium me te 8% ki te 40% nickel, e hanga ana i te hanganga tioata austenitic te nuinga. Hei whakatairanga i te hanganga o te ōwehenga austenite-ferrite, ka tāpirihia ngā mea whakau pēnei i te nickel, te waro, te manganese me te hauota i te wā o te tukanga hanga maitai. Ko ētahi o ngā karaehe noa ko te 304, 316 me te 347. He ātete pai ki te waikura; e whakamahia ana i roto i te kai, te ratonga matū, te rongoā me ngā tono cryogenic. Ko te whakahaere i te hanganga ferrite ka whakarato i te pakari pāmahana iti tino pai.
Ko te Ferritic SS he momo raupapa 400 he aukume katoa, kei roto ko te 11.5% ki te 30% chromium, ā, he hanganga tioata ferritic te nuinga. Hei whakatairanga i te hanganga o te ferrite, ko ngā mea whakau ko te chromium, te silicon, te molybdenum, me te niobium i te wā e hangaia ana te maitai. Ko ēnei momo SS he mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā pūnaha putanga hau motuka me ngā tipu hiko, ā, he iti noa ngā tono pāmahana teitei. He maha ngā momo e whakamahia noa ana ko te 405, 409, 430 me te 446.
Ko ngā momo martensitic, e tautuhia ana hoki e te raupapa 400 pērā i te 403, 410 me te 440, he aukume, kei roto ko te 11.5% ki te 18% chromium, ā, ko te martensite te hanganga tioata. Ko tēnei huinga te iti rawa o te koura, ā, koia te mea iti rawa te utu ki te hanga. He ātete ki te waikura; he kaha pai; ā, he mea noa te whakamahi i roto i ngā taputapu kai, ngā taputapu niho me ngā taputapu pokanga, ngā taputapu tunu kai, me ētahi momo taputapu.
Ina whakarewahia te SS, mā te momo papa me tōna whakamahinga e whakatau te konganuku whakakī tika hei whakamahi. Mena ka whakamahia e koe he tukanga tiaki hau, me aro nui pea koe ki te tiaki i ngā ranunga hau hei ārai i ētahi raruraru e pā ana ki te whakarewa.
Hei whakapiripiri i te 304 ki a ia anō, me hiahia koe ki tētahi hiko E308/308L. Ko te "L" he tohu mō te waro iti, e āwhina ana ki te ārai i te waikura intergranular. He iti iho i te 0.03% te ihirangi waro o ēnei hiko; ki te nui ake i tēnei ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te waro e tau ana ki ngā rohe o te witi, ā, ka honoa ki te chromium hei hanga i ngā waro chromium, ka whakaiti i te ātete waikura o te maitai. Ka kitea tēnei mēnā ka puta te waikura i roto i te rohe wera (HAZ) o ngā hononga SS kua whakarewaina. Ko tētahi atu whakaaro mō te SS taumata L ko te iti ake o te kaha kume i ngā pāmahana ratonga teitei atu i ngā taumata SS tika.
I te mea he momo austenitic te 304 o te SS, ka nui te austenite kei roto i te konganuku whakarewa e rite ana. Heoi, ka whai wāhi te hikohiko ki tētahi mea whakaū ferrite, pērā i te molybdenum, hei whakatairanga i te hanganga o te ferrite i roto i te konganuku whakarewa. He maha ngā wā ka whakarārangihia e ngā kaihanga he whānuitanga noa o ngā rahinga ferrite mō te konganuku whakarewa. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he mea whakaū austenitic kaha te waro, ā, nā ēnei take he mea nui kia āraihia kia kore ai e tāpirihia ki te konganuku whakarewa.
I ahu mai ngā tau Ferrite i te tūtohi Schaeffler me te tūtohi WRC-1992, e whakamahi ana i ngā tātai ōrite o te nickel me te chromium hei tatau i te uara, ā, ina tuhia ki te tūtohi ka puta he tau kua whakaritea. Ko te tau ferrite i waenga i te 0 me te 7 e rite ana ki te ōrau rōrahi o te hanganga karaihe ferrite kei roto i te konganuku whakarewa; heoi, i ngā ōrau teitei ake, ka tere ake te piki o te tau ferrite. Kia mahara ko te ferrite i roto i te SS ehara i te rite ki te ferrite maitai waro, engari he wāhanga e kiia nei ko te delta ferrite. Kāore he huringa wāhanga o te Austenitic SS e pā ana ki ngā tukanga pāmahana teitei pēnei i te maimoatanga wera.
He mea hiahia te hanganga o te ferrite nā te mea he ngāwari ake i te austenite, engari me whakahaere. Ka taea e te iti o te maha o ngā ferrite te whakaputa i ngā whakarewa me te ātete pai ki te waikura i roto i ētahi tono, engari he tino ngāwari ki te pakaru wera i te wā whakarewa. Mō ngā tikanga whakamahinga whānui, me noho te maha o ngā ferrite i waenga i te 5 me te 10, engari mō ētahi tono me iti ake, me teitei ake rānei ngā uara. Ka taea te manatoko ngāwari i ngā ferrite i te mahi mā te whakamahi i te tohu ferrite.
I te mea i kōrero koe he raruraru pakaru ōu, ā, he iti te maha o ngā ferrite, me āta tirotiro koe i tō konganuku whakakī, kia tino mohio kei te nui te maha o ngā ferrite e puta mai ana – tata ki te 8 pea te āwhina. Waihoki, ki te whakamahi koe i te whakarewa pewa āwhata rere (FCAW), ko te tikanga ka whakamahia e ēnei konganuku whakakī he hau tiaki waro 100% hauhā, he ranunga 75% argon/25% CO2 rānei, ka taea ai te mimiti waro ki roto i te konganuku whakarewa. Akene ka hiahia koe ki te huri ki te tukanga whakarewa pewa konganuku hau (GMAW) me te whakamahi i te ranunga 98% argon/2% hāora hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kohikohinga waro.
Hei whakarewa i te maitai waro ki te maitai waro, me whakamahi koe i te rauemi whakakī E309L. He mea motuhake tēnei whakarewa whakakī hei whakarewa i ngā konganuku rerekē, ā, ka puta he nui o te ferrite i muri i te whakaranua o te maitai waro ki roto i te whakarewa. Nā te mea ka mimiti te maitai waro i ētahi waro, ka tāpirihia ngā whakaū ferrite ki te whakarewa whakakī hei ārai i te hiahia o te waro ki te hanga austenite. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te aukati i te pakaru wera i roto i ngā mahi whakarewa.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ki te hiahia koe ki te whakakore i ngā kapiti wera i runga i ngā hononga whakarewa austenitic SS, tirohia mēnā he pai te whakarewa whakakī ferrite, ā, whai i ngā tikanga whakarewa pai. Kia mau tonu te wera e whakaurua ana ki raro i te 50 kJ/inihi, kia mau tonu te pāmahana waenga-iti, ā, kia kore he poke i roto i ngā hononga whakarewa i mua i te whakarewa. Whakamahia he ine tika hei manatoko i te nui o te ferrite i runga i te hononga whakarewa, me te whai kia 5 ki te 10.
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