Onjiniyela benza “ukwamukela” ithuluzi le-James Webb Space Telescope eliphakathi nendawo e-Goddard Space Flight Center ye-NASA ngemuva kokuhamba besuka e-UK.
Ochwepheshe bezindiza be-JPL uJohnny Melendez (kwesokudla) noJoe Mora bahlola i-MIRI cryocooler ngaphambi kokuyithumela eNorthrop Grumman eRedondo Beach, eCalifornia. Lapho, i-cooler inamathele emzimbeni wetheleskopu yeWebb.
Le ngxenye yethuluzi le-MIRI, ebonwe e-Appleton Laboratory eRutherford, e-UK, iqukethe ama-infrared detector. I-cryocooler itholakala kude ne-detector ngoba isebenza ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ithubhu ephethe i-helium ebandayo ixhumanisa lezi zingxenye ezimbili.
UMIRI (kwesobunxele) uhleli phezu komugqa wokulinganisela eNorthrop Grumman eRedondo Beach njengoba onjiniyela belungiselela ukusebenzisa i-overhead crane ukuze bayinamathisele kwi-Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM). I-ISIM iyinsika kaWebb, amathuluzi amane esayensi agcina itheleskopu.
Ngaphambi kokuba ithuluzi le-MIRI — elinye lamathuluzi amane esayensi ase-observatory — lisebenze, kumele lipholiswe cishe kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa elibandayo kakhulu elingafinyelelwa yizinto ezibalulekile.
I-James Webb Space Telescope ye-NASA, ehlelelwe ukwethulwa ngoDisemba 24, iyindawo yokubuka izinkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni, futhi inomsebenzi onzima ngokulinganayo: ukuqoqa ukukhanya kwe-infrared kusuka emakhoneni akude endawo yonke, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlole isakhiwo kanye nemvelaphi yendawo yonke. Indawo yonke yethu nendawo yethu kuyo.
Izinto eziningi zasemkhathini — okuhlanganisa izinkanyezi namaplanethi, kanye negesi nothuli ezakheka ngalo — zikhipha ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi imisebe yokushisa. Kodwa-ke nezinye izinto eziningi ezifudumele, njenge-toaster, abantu, kanye ne-electronics zinjalo. Lokho kusho ukuthi izinsimbi ezine ze-infrared ze-Webb zingabona ukukhanya kwazo kwe-infrared. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu kukhishwa, ithuluzi kumele libanda kakhulu — cishe ama-Kelvin angu-40, noma ama-degrees Fahrenheit angu-388 (ama-degrees Celsius angu-233). Kodwa ukuze lisebenze kahle, ama-detector angaphakathi kwethuluzi le-infrared eliphakathi nendawo, noma i-MIRI, kumele abanda kakhulu: ngaphansi kwama-Kelvin angu-7 (ama-degrees Fahrenheit angu-448, noma ama-degrees Celsius angu-266).
Lokho kungamadigri ambalwa nje ngaphezu kwe-absolute zero (0 Kelvin) – izinga lokushisa elibanda kakhulu ngokwemfundiso, nakuba lingenakufinyeleleka ngokoqobo ngoba limelela ukungabikho kokushisa okuphelele. (Kodwa-ke, i-MIRI akuyona ithuluzi lokuthwebula izithombe elibanda kakhulu elisebenza emkhathini.)
Izinga lokushisa empeleni liyisilinganiso sokuthi ama-athomu ahamba ngokushesha kangakanani, futhi ngaphezu kokubona ukukhanya kwawo kwe-infrared, ama-Webb detectors angabangelwa ukudlidliza kwawo okushisa. I-MIRI ithola ukukhanya okusebangeni eliphansi lamandla kunezinye izinsimbi ezintathu. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-detectors ayo azwela kakhulu ekudlidlizeni okushisa. Lezi zibonakaliso ezingafuneki yilokho izazi zezinkanyezi ezikubiza ngokuthi “umsindo,” futhi zinganqoba izimpawu ezibuthakathaka i-Webb ezama ukuzibona.
Ngemva kokwethulwa, uWebb uzosebenzisa i-visor engangenkundla yethenisi evikela i-MIRI nezinye izinsimbi ekushiseni kwelanga, ezivumela ukuthi ziphole kancane kancane. Kusukela ezinsukwini ezingaba ngu-77 ngemuva kokwethulwa, i-cryocooler ye-MIRI izothatha izinsuku ezingu-19 ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa lama-detectors ensimbi libe ngaphansi kuka-7 Kelvin.
“Kulula kakhulu ukupholisa izinto kuze kufike kulelo zinga lokushisa eMhlabeni, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinhlelo zesayensi noma zezimboni,” kusho uKonstantin Penanen, uchwepheshe we-cryocooler e-NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory eSouthern California. , ephethe ithuluzi le-MIRI le-NASA.”Kodwa lezo zinhlelo ezisekelwe eMhlabeni zinkulu kakhulu futhi azisebenzisi kahle amandla. Kwindawo yokuhlola isikhala, sidinga indawo epholile ehlangene ngokomzimba, eyonga amandla, futhi kufanele ithembeke kakhulu ngoba asikwazi ukuphuma siyoyilungisa. Ngakho-ke lezi yizinselele esibhekene nazo. , ngaleyo ndlela, ngingathi ama-cryocooler e-MIRI ngokuqinisekile ahamba phambili.”
Enye yezinhloso zesayensi zikaWebb ukufunda izakhiwo zezinkanyezi zokuqala ezakheka endaweni yonke. Ikhamera ye-Webb eseduze kwe-infrared noma ithuluzi le-NIRCam lizokwazi ukubona lezi zinto ezikude kakhulu, futhi i-MIRI izosiza ososayensi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi le mithombo yokukhanya ebuthakathaka iyiziqoqo zezinkanyezi zesizukulwane sokuqala, kunezinkanyezi zesizukulwane sesibili ezakheka kamuva ekuguqukeni komthala.
Ngokubheka amafu othuli ajiyile kunezinsimbi eziseduze kwe-infrared, i-MIRI izoveza izindawo zokuzalwa zezinkanyezi. Izophinde ibone ama-molecule avame ukutholakala eMhlabeni - njengamanzi, i-carbon dioxide ne-methane, kanye nama-molecule amaminerali anjenge-silicates - ezindaweni ezipholile ezizungeze izinkanyezi eziseduze, lapho amaplanethi angakheka khona. Izinsimbi eziseduze kwe-infrared zingcono ekutholeni la ma-molecule njengomhwamuko ezindaweni ezishisayo, kuyilapho i-MIRI ingabona njengeqhwa.
“Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe base-US naseYurophu, sithuthukise i-MIRI njengamandla e-Webb, okuzokwenza izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela emhlabeni wonke zikwazi ukuphendula imibuzo emikhulu mayelana nokuthi izinkanyezi, amaplanethi kanye nemithala yakheka kanjani futhi iguquke kanjani,” kusho uGillian Wright, umholi wethimba lesayensi le-MIRI kanye noMphenyi Omkhulu waseYurophu wethuluzi e-UK Astronomical Technology Centre (UK ATC).
I-MIRI cryocooler isebenzisa igesi ye-helium—eyanele ukugcwalisa amabhaluni ayisishiyagalolunye—ukuthwala ukushisa kude nama-detector ensimbi. Ama-compressor amabili kagesi ampompa i-helium ngepayipi elifinyelela lapho kukhona khona i-detector. Ipayipi lidlula ebhulokini lensimbi elinamathiselwe ne-detector; i-helium epholile imunca ukushisa okweqile kusuka ebhulokini, igcina izinga lokushisa lokusebenza le-detector lingaphansi kwama-degrees angu-7. Igesi efudumele (kodwa isabanda) bese ibuyela ku-compressor, lapho ikhipha khona ukushisa okweqile, bese umjikelezo uqala futhi. Ngokuyisisekelo, uhlelo lufana nolusetshenziswa eziqandisini zasekhaya kanye nama-air conditioner.
Amapayipi aphethe i-helium enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali embozwe ngegolide futhi angaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi ze-intshi (2.5 mm) ububanzi. Anwebeka cishe ngamamitha ayi-10 ukusuka ku-compressor etholakala endaweni yebhasi lezindiza kuya kumtholi we-MIRI ku-element ye-telescope ekhanyayo etholakala ngemuva kwesibuko esiyinhloko se-honeycomb sendawo yokubuka. Ihadiwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-deployable tower assembly, noma i-DTA, ixhumanisa lezi zindawo ezimbili. Uma ipakishwa ukuze iqale, i-DTA iyacindezelwa, njenge-piston, ukusiza ukufaka i-observatory ebekwe ekuvikelweni okuphezu kwerokhethi. Uma isisemkhathini, umbhoshongo uzonwebeka ukuze uhlukanise ibhasi lezindiza elisemkhathini elinokushisa kwegumbi nezinsimbi ze-optical telescope ezipholile futhi uvumele isithunzi selanga kanye ne-telescope ukuthi zisebenze ngokugcwele.
Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ukwenziwa okuhle kakhulu kokusetshenziswa kweJames Webb Space Telescope amahora nezinsuku ngemuva kokwethulwa. Ukwandiswa kwenhlangano yombhoshongo ephakathi nendawo kuzokwandisa ibanga phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-MIRI. Zixhunywe ngamashubhu e-helical ane-helium epholile.
Kodwa inqubo yokwelula idinga ukuthi ithubhu le-helium landiswe ngokuhlanganiswa kombhoshongo onwebekayo. Ngakho-ke ithubhu ligoqa njengesipilingi, yingakho onjiniyela be-MIRI baqamba le ngxenye yethubhu ngokuthi “Slinky”.
“Kunezinselele ezithile ekusebenzeni ohlelweni oluhlanganisa izifunda eziningi ze-observatory,” kusho u-Analyn Schneider, umphathi wohlelo lwe-JPL MIRI. “Lezi zifunda ezahlukene ziholwa yizinhlangano noma izikhungo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa iNorthrop Grumman kanye ne-US NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, kufanele sixoxe nawo wonke umuntu. Akukho okunye okusesibonakude okudingeka kwenziwe lokho, ngakho-ke kuyinselele eyingqayizivele ku-MIRI. Ngokuqinisekile kube umugqa omude we-MIRI cryocoolers road, futhi sesikulungele ukukubona esikhaleni.”
I-James Webb Space Telescope izokwethulwa ngo-2021 njengesikhungo sokuhlola isayensi yesikhala esihamba phambili emhlabeni. I-Webb izokwembula izimfihlakalo zesimiso sethu selanga, ibheke emazweni akude azungeze ezinye izinkanyezi, futhi ihlole izakhiwo eziyimfihlakalo kanye nemvelaphi yendawo yonke yethu nendawo yethu. I-Webb iyisinyathelo samazwe ngamazwe esiholwa yi-NASA kanye nabalingani bayo i-ESA (i-European Space Agency) kanye ne-Canadian Space Agency.
I-MIRI yasungulwa ngokubambisana okungu-50-50 phakathi kwe-NASA ne-ESA (i-European Space Agency). I-JPL ihola umzamo wase-US we-MIRI, kanti inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe yezikhungo zezinkanyezi zaseYurophu inikela ku-ESA. UGeorge Rieke wase-University of Arizona ungumholi weqembu lesayensi lase-US le-MIRI. UGillian Wright uyinhloko yeqembu lesayensi laseYurophu le-MIRI.
U-Alistair Glasse we-ATC, e-UK ungusosayensi wezinsimbi ze-MIRI kanti uMichael Ressler ungusosayensi wephrojekthi wase-US e-JPL. ULaszlo Tamas we-UK i-ATC uphethe i-European Union. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-MIRI cryocooler kwaholwa futhi kwaphathwa yi-JPL ngokubambisana ne-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center eGreenbelt, eMaryland, kanye neNorthrop Grumman eRedondo Beach, eCalifornia.