Mainjiniya akuchita "kuvomereza" chida cha James Webb Space Telescope cha mid-infrared ku Goddard Space Flight Center ya NASA atachoka ku UK.
Akatswiri oyendetsa ndege a JPL Johnny Melendez (kumanja) ndi Joe Mora akuyang'ana choziziritsira cha MIRI asanachitumize ku Northrop Grumman ku Redondo Beach, California. Kumeneko, choziziritsiracho chimalumikizidwa ndi thupi la telesikopu ya Webb.
Gawo ili la chida cha MIRI, lomwe limapezeka ku Appleton Laboratory ku Rutherford, UK, lili ndi zowunikira za infrared. Choziziritsiracho chili kutali ndi chowunikira chifukwa chimagwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri. Chubu chonyamula helium yozizira chimalumikiza magawo awiriwa.
MIRI (kumanzere) ali pa balance beam ku Northrop Grumman ku Redondo Beach pamene mainjiniya akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito crane yokwera pamwamba kuti ayimangirire ku Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM). ISIM ndiye maziko a Webb, zida zinayi zasayansi zomwe zimakhala ndi telesikopu.
Chida cha MIRI — chimodzi mwa zida zinayi zasayansi zomwe zili pa malo owonera — chisanayambe kugwira ntchito, chiyenera kuziziritsidwa pafupifupi kutentha kozizira kwambiri komwe chinthu chofunika kwambiri chingafikire.
Telescope ya NASA ya James Webb Space Telescope, yomwe ikuyembekezeka kuyambika pa Disembala 24, ndi malo owonera zinthu zakuthambo akuluakulu kwambiri m'mbiri, ndipo ili ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri: kusonkhanitsa kuwala kwa infrared kuchokera mbali zakutali za chilengedwe, kulola asayansi kufufuza kapangidwe ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Chilengedwe chathu ndi malo athu mmenemo.
Zinthu zambiri zakuthambo — kuphatikizapo nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti, ndi mpweya ndi fumbi zomwe zimachokera — zimatulutsa kuwala kwa infrared, nthawi zina kumatchedwa kutentha. Koma zinthu zina zambiri zotentha, monga ma toaster, anthu, ndi zamagetsi, zimachitanso chimodzimodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zida zinayi za Webb za infrared zimatha kuzindikira kuwala kwawo kwa infrared. Kuti achepetse mpweya woipawu, chipangizocho chiyenera kukhala chozizira kwambiri — pafupifupi 40 Kelvin, kapena minus 388 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 233 degrees Celsius). Koma kuti zigwire ntchito bwino, zozindikira mkati mwa chipangizo cha mid-infrared, kapena MIRI, ziyenera kuzizira kwambiri: pansi pa 7 Kelvin (minus 448 degrees Fahrenheit, kapena minus 266 degrees Celsius).
Ndi madigiri ochepa chabe pamwamba pa zero yeniyeni (0 Kelvin) - kutentha kozizira kwambiri komwe kungatheke, ngakhale sikungatheke kufikako chifukwa kumatanthauza kusakhalapo konse kwa kutentha kulikonse. (Komabe, MIRI si chida chojambula zithunzi chozizira kwambiri chomwe chimagwira ntchito mumlengalenga.)
Kutentha kwenikweni ndi muyeso wa momwe maatomu akuthamangira, ndipo kuwonjezera pa kuzindikira kuwala kwawo kwa infrared, zowunikira za Webb zimatha kuyatsidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwawo kwa kutentha. MIRI imazindikira kuwala komwe kuli ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa zida zina zitatu. Zotsatira zake, zowunikira zake zimakhala zodziwika kwambiri ndi kugwedezeka kwa kutentha. Zizindikiro zosafunikira izi ndi zomwe akatswiri a zakuthambo amatcha "phokoso," ndipo zimatha kugonjetsa zizindikiro zochepa zomwe Webb ikuyesera kuzizindikira.
Pambuyo poyambitsa, Webb adzayika chivundikiro champhamvu ngati bwalo la tenisi chomwe chimateteza MIRI ndi zida zina ku kutentha kwa dzuwa, zomwe zimawathandiza kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono. Kuyambira patatha masiku 77 kuchokera pamene chida chayamba kugwira ntchito, choziziritsira cha MIRI chidzatenga masiku 19 kuti chichepetse kutentha kwa zida zozindikira mpaka pansi pa 7 Kelvin.
“N’zosavuta kuziziritsa zinthu kufika kutentha komweko padziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri pa ntchito zasayansi kapena zamafakitale,” anatero Konstantin Penanen, katswiri wa cryocooler ku NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ku Southern California. , yomwe imayang'anira chida cha MIRI cha NASA.” Koma machitidwe a Dziko Lapansi amenewo ndi olemera kwambiri komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mokwanira. Pa malo owonera mlengalenga, timafunikira choziziritsira chomwe chili chocheperako, chosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, ndipo chiyenera kukhala chodalirika kwambiri chifukwa sitingathe kukachikonza. Chifukwa chake awa ndi mavuto omwe timakumana nawo. , pankhani imeneyi, ndinganene kuti ma cryocooler a MIRI ali patsogolo kwambiri.”
Chimodzi mwa zolinga za sayansi za Webb ndikuphunzira za mawonekedwe a nyenyezi zoyamba zomwe zinapangidwa m'chilengedwe chonse. Kamera ya Webb yozungulira infrared kapena chida cha NIRCam chizitha kuzindikira zinthu zakutali kwambirizi, ndipo MIRI ithandiza asayansi kutsimikizira kuti magwero ofooka awa a kuwala ndi magulu a nyenyezi za m'badwo woyamba, osati nyenyezi za m'badwo wachiwiri zomwe zinapangidwa pambuyo pake mu kusintha kwa galaxy.
Mwa kuyang'ana mitambo ya fumbi yomwe ndi yokhuthala kuposa zida zapafupi ndi infrared, MIRI idzavumbula malo obadwira nyenyezi. Idzazindikiranso mamolekyu omwe amapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi - monga madzi, carbon dioxide ndi methane, komanso mamolekyu a miyala monga silicates - m'malo ozizira ozungulira nyenyezi zapafupi, komwe mapulaneti angapangidwe. Zipangizo zapafupi ndi infrared zimakhala bwino kuzindikira mamolekyu awa ngati nthunzi m'malo otentha kwambiri, pomwe MIRI imatha kuwaona ngati ayezi.
"Mwa kuphatikiza ukatswiri wa ku America ndi ku Europe, tapanga MIRI ngati mphamvu ya Webb, zomwe zithandiza akatswiri a zakuthambo ochokera padziko lonse lapansi kuyankha mafunso akuluakulu okhudza momwe nyenyezi, mapulaneti ndi milalang'amba zimapangidwira komanso kusintha," adatero Gillian Wright, mtsogoleri wa gulu la sayansi la MIRI komanso Wofufuza Wamkulu wa ku Europe wa chidachi ku UK Astronomical Technology Centre (UK ATC).
Choziziritsira mpweya cha MIRI chimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa helium—wokwanira kudzaza mabaluni pafupifupi asanu ndi anayi—kuti chinyamule kutentha kuchokera ku zozindikira za chipangizocho. Ma compressor awiri amagetsi amapopera helium kudzera mu chubu chomwe chimafikira komwe chowunikira chili. Chubucho chimadutsa mu chipika chachitsulo chomwe chimalumikizidwanso ndi chowunikira; helium yozizira imayamwa kutentha kochulukirapo kuchokera ku chipikacho, ndikusunga kutentha kwa chowunikiracho pansi pa 7 Kelvin. Mpweya wotentha (koma wozizirabe) umabwerera ku compressor, komwe umatulutsa kutentha kochulukirapo, ndipo kayendedwe kake kamayambanso. Mwachidule, dongosololi ndi lofanana ndi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji apakhomo ndi ma air conditioner.
Mapaipi omwe amanyamula heliamu amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopakidwa ndi golide ndipo ndi ochepa kuposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a inchi (2.5 mm) m'mimba mwake. Amatambalala pafupifupi mamita 10 kuchokera pa compressor yomwe ili m'dera la basi la spacecraft kupita ku chowunikira cha MIRI mu chipangizo cha telescope chowoneka bwino chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa galasi lalikulu la observatory. Zipangizo zotchedwa deployable tower assembly, kapena DTA, zimalumikiza madera awiriwa. Zikapakidwa kuti ziyambe, DTA imapanikizidwa, ngati piston, kuti ithandize kuyika observatory yosungidwa mu chitetezo pamwamba pa roketi. Ikafika mlengalenga, nsanjayo imatambasulidwa kuti ilekanitse basi ya spacecraft yotenthera chipinda ndi zida zoziziritsira za telescope ndikulola kuti dzuwa ndi telescope zigwire ntchito mokwanira.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa momwe James Webb Space Telescope imagwirira ntchito bwino maola ndi masiku pambuyo poyambitsa. Kukula kwa nsanja yolumikizira pakati kudzawonjezera mtunda pakati pa magawo awiri a MIRI. Amalumikizidwa ndi machubu a helical ndi helium yozizira.
Koma njira yotalikira imafuna kuti chubu cha helium chiwonjezeke ndi gulu la nsanja yokulirapo. Chifukwa chake chubucho chimazungulira ngati kasupe, ndichifukwa chake mainjiniya a MIRI adatcha gawo ili la chubu kuti "Slinky".
"Pali zovuta zina pakugwira ntchito pa dongosolo lomwe limadutsa madera ambiri a malo owonera zinthu," adatero Analyn Schneider, woyang'anira pulogalamu ya JPL MIRI. "Madera osiyanasiyana awa amatsogozedwa ndi mabungwe kapena malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Northrop Grumman ndi Goddard Space Flight Center ya US NASA, tiyenera kulankhula ndi aliyense. Palibe zida zina pa telesikopu zomwe ziyenera kuchita zimenezo, kotero ndi vuto lapadera la MIRI. Ndithudi lakhala mzere wautali wa MIRI cryocoolers road, ndipo tili okonzeka kuwona izi mlengalenga."
Telescope ya James Webb Space Telescope idzatsegulidwa mu 2021 ngati malo owonera zinthu zakuthambo odziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Webb idzavumbulutsa zinsinsi za dongosolo lathu la dzuwa, kuyang'ana maiko akutali ozungulira nyenyezi zina, ndikufufuza kapangidwe kachinsinsi ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe chathu ndi malo athu. Webb ndi ntchito yapadziko lonse yotsogozedwa ndi NASA ndi anzawo a ESA (European Space Agency) ndi Canadian Space Agency.
MIRI idapangidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano wa 50-50 pakati pa NASA ndi ESA (European Space Agency). JPL ikutsogolera khama la US la MIRI, ndipo gulu la mayiko osiyanasiyana la mabungwe aku Europe a zakuthambo limathandizira ku ESA. George Rieke wa ku University of Arizona ndiye mtsogoleri wa gulu la sayansi la MIRI ku US. Gillian Wright ndiye mtsogoleri wa gulu la sayansi la ku Europe la MIRI.
Alistair Glasse wa ku ATC, UK ndi MIRI Instrument Scientist ndipo Michael Ressler ndi US Project Scientist ku JPL. Laszlo Tamas wa ku UK ATC ndiye woyang'anira European Union. Kupanga kwa MIRI cryocooler kunatsogozedwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi JPL mogwirizana ndi NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ku Greenbelt, Maryland, ndi Northrop Grumman ku Redondo Beach, California.