Amashubhu e-Coil Tubing ensimbi engagqwali ehlanganisiwe e-ASTM 316L Factory
Abahlinzeki bepayipi lepayipi eligoqiwe lensimbi engagqwali le-ASTM A269 316L
Isingeniso
ishubhu yekhoyili yensimbi engagqwali
ikhoyili yeshubhu yensimbi engagqwali
ipayipi lekhoyili yensimbi engagqwali
ipayipi lekhoyili yensimbi engagqwali
abahlinzeki beshubhu yekhoyili yensimbi engagqwali
abakhiqizi beshubhu yekhoyili yensimbi engagqwali
ikhoyili yepayipi yensimbi engagqwali
Ibanga 316 liyibanga elijwayelekile elithwala i-molybdenum, elesibili ngokubaluleka kune-304 phakathi kwezinsimbi ezingagqwali ze-austenitic. I-molybdenum inikeza izakhiwo ezingu-316 ezingcono kakhulu zokumelana nokugqwala kune-Grade 304, ikakhulukazi ukumelana okuphezulu kokugqwala kwemigodi kanye nokuqhekeka ezindaweni ze-chloride.
Ibanga 316L, inguqulo ye-316 ephansi yekhabhoni futhi ayizweli ekuzweleni (ukukhishwa kwe-carbide emngceleni wezinhlamvu). Ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezihlanganisiwe ze-heavy gauge (ngaphezu kuka-6mm). Ngokuvamile akukho mehluko wentengo obonakalayo phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali engu-316 nengu-316L.
Isakhiwo se-austenitic sinikeza lawa mazinga ukuqina okuhle kakhulu, ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa elikhanyayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ezingagqwali ze-chromium-nickel austenitic, insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza ukukhukhuleka okuphezulu, ukucindezeleka kuya ekuqhekekeni kanye namandla okunamathela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko
Lezi zakhiwo zichazwe kumkhiqizo ogoqwe ngendlela eyisicaba (ipuleti, ishidi kanye nekhoyili) ku-ASTM A240/A240M. Izakhiwo ezifanayo kodwa ezingafani ngempela zichazwe kweminye imikhiqizo efana nepayipi kanye nebha ngokwezincazelo zazo.
Ukwakheka
★ Imininingwane yepayipi elihlanganisiwe lensimbi engagqwali
- Amazinga: Izinga le-ASTM A269/A249
- Izinga: TP304, TP316L 304 316 310S 2205 825 625
- Igama Lokuhweba:Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe e-SS304, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe e-SS316, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe Amabili, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe e-Monel 400, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe e-Hastelloy, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe e-Inconel, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe angu-904L, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe Angenamthungo, Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe Ahlanganisiwe Ahlanganisiwe
- Ububanzi bokuphuma: 6.52-19.05mm
- Cabanga: 0.2-2MM
- Ukubekezelela: OD± 0.1mm, ubukhulu bodonga: ±10%, ubude: ±5mm
- 6. Ubude: 300-3500M/ikhoyili
- ukupakisha: i-pallet yensimbi, i-pallet yokhuni, isikhwama se-poly
- isicelo: imishini yokuqandisa, i-evaporator, ukulethwa koketshezi lwegesi, i-condenser, umshini weziphuzo
- 4. isimo: esithambile / esiqinile kancane / esithambile esikhanyayo
- 5. Imininingwane: ububanzi bangaphandle 6.52mm-20mm, ubukhulu bodonga: 0.40mm-1.5mm
- Ububanzi bokubekezelela: ububanzi: + 0.1mm, ubukhulu bodonga: + 10%, ubude: -0/+6mm
- Ubude: 800-3500M noma ngokwezidingo zamakhasimende.
- Izinzuzo zomkhiqizo: ukupholisha ubuso kanye nokucwebezela, ukujiya kodonga okufanayo, ukunemba kokubekezelelana njll.
- Ngokuvamile Usayizi wepayipi eligoqiwe lensimbi engagqwali: singabakhiqiza njengesicelo sakho.
★Ububanzi bokwakheka kwezinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingama-316Lamashubhu ahlanganisiwe amashubhu ahlanganisiwe
Izakhiwo Zemishini
| Ibanga |
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N |
| 316L | Ubuncane | - | - | - | - | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| Ubuningi | 0.03 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 |
Ithebula 2.Izakhiwo zemishini zamashubhu ahlanganisiwe/ahlanganisiwe ezinsimbi ezingagqwali angu-316L
| Ibanga | I-Str eqinekayo | I-Yield Str | I-Elong | Ubulukhuni | |
| Ubuningi be-Rockwell B (HR B) | Ubuningi be-Brinell (HB) | ||||
| 316L | 485 | 170 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo
Ithebula 3.Izakhiwo ezivamile zomzimba zezinsimbi ezingagqwali zebanga elingu-316.
| Ibanga | Ubuningi | I-Modulus Enwebekayo | Isilinganiso Sokwanda Kokushisa (µm/m/°C) | Ukuqhuba Okushisayo | Ukushisa Okuqondile 0-100°C | Ukumelana Nogesi | |||
| 0-100°C | 0-315°C | 0-538°C | Ku-100°C | Ku-500°C | |||||
| 316/L/H | 8000 | 193 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 21.5 | 500 | 740 |
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwencazelo Yebanga
Ithebula 4.Imininingwane yezinga lezinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingama-316L.
| Ibanga | I-UNS | I-Old British | I-Euronorm | IsiSwidi | IsiJapane | ||
| BS | En | No | Igama | ||||
| 316L | S31603 | 316S11 | - | 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 2348 | I-SUS 316L |
▼Amashubhu/amashubhu e-coil ahlanganisiwe ensimbi engagqwali ububanzi obujwayelekile bosayizi
| Usayizi we-Stainless Steel Coil Tube | ||||
| ITEM | Ibanga | Usayizi | Ingcindezi | Ubude |
| 1 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.025″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 2 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.035″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 3 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.035″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 4 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.049″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 5 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.035″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 6 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.049″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 7 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.049″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 8 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.065″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 9 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.7mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 10 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.9mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 11 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm×0.9mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 12 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm × 1.1mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 13 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm × 0.9mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 14 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm × 1.1mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 15 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 16 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1.2mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 17 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 18 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1.2mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 19 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 2mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
| 20 | I-alloy engu-316L、304L、304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ12mm × 1.5mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
▼Izinzuzo zethu:
Singumkhiqizi wepayipi/ipayipi eligoqiwe ngensimbi engagqwali.
Singakwazi ukulawula ikhwalithi yepayipi ngokwethu.
Ubude bamapayipi bungaphezu kuka-3500M/ikhoyili.
★Ukusetshenziswa kwamashubhu ahlanganisiwe ensimbi engagqwali/ahlanganisiwe:
- Imboni Yokudla Neziphuzo
- Amakhemikhali e-Petrochemical
- Imisebenzi Yokubhoboza Amapayipi e-CNG
- Amabhoyila
- Izitshalo Zokukhipha Usawoti
- Izitshalo Ezishisayo
- Izishintshi Zokushisa
- Imisebenzi Yokwenza Izinsimbi
- Imisebenzi Yomshini
- Imishini Kawoyela Negesi kanye Nemisebenzi Yamapayipi
★Amashubhu ahlanganisiwe ensimbi engagqwali/amashubhu ahlanganisiwe nezinye izinhlobo zensimu:
I-USA
| IJAMANI | IJAMANI | IFRANCE | IJAPANE | I-ITALY | ISWEDEN | I-UK | I-EU | I-SPAIN | IRUSSIA | |
| I-AISI | I-DIN 17006 | I-WN 17007 | I-AFNOR | I-JIS | I-UNI | I-SIS | I-BSI | I-EURONORM | ||
| 201 | I-SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | I-SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | I-SUS 302 | I-X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | I-X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | I-Z 10 CNF 18-09 | I-SUS 303 | I-X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | I-X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | I-X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | I-Z 10 CNF 18-09 | I-SUS 303 Se | I-X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | I-X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | I-SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | I-SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | I-SUS F 304H | I-X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | I-SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | I-SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | I-SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | I-SUS XM7 | I-X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | I-X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | I-SUH 309 | I-X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | I-SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | I-SUH 310 | I-X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | I-SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | I-Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | I-SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | I-SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | I-SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | I-SUS F 316H | I-X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | I-X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | I-SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | I-SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | I-Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| I-X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| I-X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | I-SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | I-SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | I-SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | I-SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 I-X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | I-Z 6 CNT 18-10 | I-SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | I-X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | I-SUS 321H | I-X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | I-X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | I-SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | I-SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | I-SUS F 347H | I-X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | I-X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| I-UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| I-UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | I-SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | I-SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | I-SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | I-SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | I-SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
l Insimbi Engagqwali 304 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-304L Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-304H Amapayipi/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili Ahlanganisiwe
l Insimbi Engagqwali 316 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-316L Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-316H Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-317L Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 321 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 347 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 410 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-904L Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 310S Amashubhu Ahlanganisiwe/ Amashubhu Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 310 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-310H Ehlanganisiwe Amapayipi/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 316Ti Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-321H Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali 347 Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
l Insimbi Engagqwali engu-347H Amapayipi Ahlanganisiwe/ Amapayipi Ekhoyili
★Ipayipi elihlanganisiwe elingenamthungo liyindlela engcono kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile njengoba kungekho bungozi bokungcola okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nepayipi elihlanganisiwe elihlanganisiwe elihlanganisiwe.
Yenziwe itholakale ngobude obungokwezifiso
Ukuphepha nokuthembeka kohlelo okuthuthukisiwe
Ukumelana okukhulu kokugqwala
Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokufaka, kuvimbela amathuba okuvuza kanye nokunye ukwehluleka kwesikhathi eside
Izindleko zokufaka ezincishisiwe – ukufaka kudinga isikhathi esincane kanye nemizamo encane
Sinesipiliyoni sokuthumela imikhiqizo yeshubhu yensimbi engagqwali iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.
Incazelo: Izinto zensimbi engagqwali zeLiaocheng sihe Inkampani ekhawulelwe ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi engagqwali
I-coil yensimbi inomlando weminyaka eyishumi, inemigqa emibili yokukhiqiza ingakhiqiza ipayipi elihlanganisiwe eliqhubekayo, imishini iphelele, umholi wezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa inkampani yethule ubuchwepheshe bomhlaba bokunweba okukhanyayo bekilasi lokuqala, ukwelashwa kokuthambisa ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali ku-inthanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siphinde sibe nokuhlolwa okucindezelwe, ukuvutha, ukugoba, ubulukhuni obungu-100%, ukwelula, ukuhlolwa kokuqina komoya njalonjalo, intengo iyafaneleka, ikhwalithi ithembekile, ukuthunyelwa kwamanje kwekhoyili yase-US engu-80% emhlabeni wonke.














