I-ASTM 316L engenamthungo yeetyhubhu zeCoil Tubing zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezibhityileyo zaseTshayina
Ababoneleli bepayipi yetyhubhu ebhityiweyo yentsimbi engatyiwayo ye-ASTM A269 316L
Intshayelelo
ityhubhu yekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo
ikhoyili yetyhubhu yentsimbi engatyiwayo
ityhubhu yekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo
umbhobho wekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo
abathengisi beetyhubhu zekhoyili yentsimbi engagqwaliyo
abavelisi beetyhubhu ze-coil zentsimbi engagqwaliyo
ikhoyili yombhobho wentsimbi engatyiwayo
Ibanga 316 lelona nqanaba liqhelekileyo elithwala i-molybdenum, lesibini ngokubaluleka kune-304 phakathi kweentsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic. I-molybdenum inika iipropati ezingama-316 ezingcono zokumelana nokugqwala kuneBanga 304, ngakumbi ukumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala kwemingxuma kunye nokuqhekeka kwiindawo ze-chloride.
Ibanga le-316L, uhlobo oluphantsi lwekhabhoni ye-316 kwaye ayichaphazeleki lula (ukuchacha kwe-grain boundary carbide). Ngenxa yoko isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo ze-heavy gauge (ngaphezulu kwe-6mm). Ngokwesiqhelo akukho mahluko amaxabiso abonakalayo phakathi kwe-316 kunye ne-316L yentsimbi engatyiwayo.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-austenitic lukwanika la manqanaba ukuqina okugqwesileyo, nokuba kufikelele kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi ezingenasici ze-chromium-nickel austenitic, intsimbi engenasici ye-316L inika amandla aphezulu okutsala, uxinzelelo ukuya ekuqhekekeni kunye namandla okutsalwa xa kushushu kakhulu.
Iipropati eziphambili
Ezi mpawu zichaziwe kwimveliso egoqwe ngomgca othe tyaba (ipleyiti, ishiti kunye nekhoyili) kwi-ASTM A240/A240M. Iimpawu ezifanayo kodwa ezingafanekiyo zichaziwe kwezinye iimveliso ezifana nombhobho kunye nebha ngokweenkcukacha zazo.
Ukwakhiwa
★Iityhubhu ezibhityiweyo zentsimbi engenasici ezidityanisiweyo
- Imigangatho: Umgangatho we-ASTM A269/A249
- Udidi: TP304, TP316L 304 316 310S 2205 825 625
- Igama loRhwebo:Iityhubhu ze-SS304 eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-SS316 eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-Duplex eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-Monel 400 eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-Hastelloy eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-Inconel eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-904L eziQokelelweyo, iityhubhu ze-Coiled ezingenamthungo, iityhubhu ze-Coiled eziQokelelweyo eziWelded
- Ububanzi bokuphuma: 6.52-19.05mm
- Cinga: 0.2-2MM
- Ukunyamezela: OD± 0.1mm, ubukhulu bodonga: ±10%, ubude: ±5mm
- 6.Ubude: 300-3500M/ikhoyili
- ukupakisha: ipallet yentsimbi, ipallet yomthi, ibhegi yepoly
- isicelo: izixhobo zokukhenkcisa, i-evaporator, ukuhanjiswa kolwelo lwegesi, i-condenser, umatshini wesiselo
- 4. imeko: ithambile / isiqingatha ilukhuni / ithambile i-annealing eqaqambileyo
- 5. Iinkcukacha: ububanzi bangaphandle 6.52mm-20mm, ubukhulu bodonga: 0.40mm-1.5mm
- Uluhlu lokunyamezela: ububanzi: + 0.1mm, ubukhulu bodonga: + 10%, ubude: -0/+6mm
- Ubude: 800-3500M okanye ngokweemfuno zabathengi.
- Iingenelo zemveliso: ukupholisha umphezulu kunye nokucocwa, ubukhulu bodonga obufanayo, ukuchaneka kokunyamezelana njl.njl.
- Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo betyhubhu ebhityileyo yentsimbi engagqwali: singabavelisa njengesicelo sakho.
★Uluhlu lokwakheka kweentsimbi ezingenasici ezingama-316Liityhubhu ezijijekileyo iityhubhu ezijijekileyo
Iipropati zoomatshini
| Ibanga |
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N |
| 316L | Ubuncinci | - | - | - | - | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| Ubuninzi | 0.03 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 |
Itheyibhile 2.Iimpawu zoomatshini zeentsimbi ezingenasici ezingama-316L iityhubhu ezijijekileyo/ezijijekileyo
| Ibanga | I-Tensile Str | I-Yield Str | I-Elong | Ukuqina | |
| Ubuninzi beRockwell B (HR B) | Ubuninzi beBrinell (HB) | ||||
| 316L | 485 | 170 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
Iipropati Zomzimba
Itheyibhile 3.Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zomzimba zeentsimbi ezingenasici ezingama-316.
| Ibanga | Uxinano | Imodulus ye-Elastic | Umlinganiselo weNdibaniselwano yoLwandiso loBushushu (µm/m/°C) | Ukuqhuba kweThermal | Ubushushu obuthile 0-100°C | Ukumelana nombane | |||
| 0-100°C | 0-315°C | 0-538°C | Kwi-100°C | Kwi-500°C | |||||
| 316/L/H | 8000 | 193 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 21.5 | 500 | 740 |
Uthelekiso lweeNkcukacha zeBanga
Itheyibhile 4.Iinkcukacha zenqanaba leentsimbi ezingenasici ezingama-316L.
| Ibanga | I-UNS | IBritane yakudala | I-Euronorm | Swedish | IsiJaphani | ||
| BS | En | No | Igama | ||||
| 316L | S31603 | 316S11 | - | 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 2348 | I-SUS 316L |
▼Iityhubhu zentsimbi engatyiwayo ezibhityiweyo/ityhubhu yekhoyili uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lobukhulu
| Ubungakanani be-Stainless steel Coil Tube | ||||
| INTO | Ibanga | Ubungakanani | Uxinzelelo | Ubude |
| 1 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.025″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 2 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.035″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 3 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.035″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 4 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.049″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 5 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.035″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 6 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.049″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 7 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.049″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 8 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.065″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 9 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.7mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 10 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.9mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 11 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm×0.9mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 12 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm×1.1mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 13 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm×0.9mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 14 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm×1.1mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 15 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 16 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm×1.2mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 17 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 18 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm×1.2mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 19 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 2mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
| 20 | I-alloy ye-316L, 304L, 304 625 825 2205 2507 | φ12mm × 1.5mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
▼Iingenelo zethu:
Singumvelisi weetyhubhu/iipayipi ezibhityiweyo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Singawulawula umgangatho wepayipi ngokwethu.
Ubude beepayipi bungaphezulu kwe-3500M/Coil.
★Ukusetyenziswa kweetyhubhu ezijijekileyo zentsimbi engatyiwayo/ezijijekileyo:
- Ishishini lokutya neziselo
- I-Petrochemical
- Imisebenzi yeCNG Piping
- Iibhoyila
- Izityalo Zokususa Ityuwa
- Izityalo zeGeothermal
- Izitshintshi zobushushu
- Imisebenzi yezixhobo zomculo
- Imisebenzi yoomatshini
- Izixhobo zeoyile negesi kunye nemisebenzi yemibhobho
★Iityhubhu ezijijekileyo zentsimbi engenasici/iityhubhu ezijijekileyo nezinye izinto ezijijekileyo:
i-USA
| JEMANI | JEMANI | FRANSI | JAPHAN | ELAMATALIYANE | SWIDEN | e-UK | i-EU | SPEYIN | RHASHIYA | |
| I-AISI | I-DIN 17006 | I-WN 17007 | I-AFNOR | I-JIS | I-UNI | I-SIS | I-BSI | I-EURONORM | ||
| 201 | I-SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | I-SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | I-SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | I-SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | I-SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | I-SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | I-SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | I-SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | I-SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | I-SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | I-SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | I-SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | I-SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | I-SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | I-SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | I-SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | I-SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | I-SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | I-SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | I-SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | I-SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | I-SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | I-Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | I-SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | I-SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | I-SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | I-SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | I-Z 6 CNT 18-10 | I-SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | I-SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | I-SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | I-SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | I-SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| I-UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| I-UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | I-SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | I-SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | I-SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | I-SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | I-SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 304 Iityhubhu Ezijijekileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 304L Iityhubhu Ezibhityiweyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 304H Iityhubhu Ezibhityileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 316 Iityhubhu Ezijijekileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 316L Iityhubhu Ezibhityiweyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 316H Iityhubhu Ezibhityileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 317L Iityhubhu Ezibhityiweyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 321 Iityhubhu Ezijijekileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 347 Iityhubhu Ezijijekileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 410 Iityhubhu Ezigobileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 904L Iityhubhu Ezibhityiweyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 310S Iityhubhu Ezibhityiweyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 310 Iityhubhu Ezigobileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 310H Iityhubhu Ezibhityileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 316Ti Iityhubhu Ezihlanganisiweyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 321H Iityhubhu Ezibhityileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 347 Iityhubhu Ezijijekileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
l Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo 347H Iityhubhu Ezibhityileyo/ Iityhubhu Zekhoyili
★Iityhubhu ezijijekileyo ezingenamthungo azikho ukhetho oluphambili kwiindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kuba akukho mngcipheko wokungcola okuhlala kunxulunyaniswa neetyhubhu ezijijekileyo ezijijekileyo.
Yenziwe yafumaneka ngobude obulungiselelwe wena
u Ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo
Ukumelana nokugqwala okukhulu
Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokufakela, kuthintela amathuba okuvuza kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ixesha elide.
Iindleko zokufakela ezincitshisiweyo – ukufakela kufuna ixesha kunye nemizamo embalwa
Sinamava okuthumela ngaphandle iimveliso zetyhubhu yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.
Inkcazo: Izinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zeLiaocheng sihe Inkampani encinci evelisa izinto ezingagqwaliyo
I-coil yentsimbi ineminyaka elishumi yembali, inemigca emibini yemveliso evelisa umbhobho odibeneyo oqhubekayo, izixhobo zigqibelele, inkokheli yetekhnoloji. Kodwa inkampani yazisa itekhnoloji ye-annealing eqaqambileyo yehlabathi yokuqala, unyango lokuthambisa umbhobho wentsimbi engagqwali kwi-intanethi. Ukongeza, sikwanayo novavanyo olucinezelweyo, oluvuthayo, olugobileyo, ubulukhuni be-100%, ukolula, uvavanyo lokuqina komoya njalo njalo, ixabiso lifanelekile, umgangatho uthembekile, ukuthunyelwa kwe-coil ye-80% yangoku e-US kwihlabathi liphela.














