Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ayinzima kangako ukusebenza ngayo, kodwa ukuwelda kwayo kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiinkcukacha. Ayibususi ubushushu njengentsimbi ethambileyo okanye i-aluminium kwaye inokulahlekelwa kukumelana nokugqwala ukuba uyifudumeza kakhulu. Iindlela ezilungileyo zinceda ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Umfanekiso: Miller Electric
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olunomtsalane kwiindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho, kubandakanya ukutya okucocekileyo kakhulu kunye neziselo, amayeza, imithambo yoxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-petrochemical. Nangona kunjalo, le nto ayibususi ubushushu njengentsimbi ethambileyo okanye i-aluminium, kwaye ukuwelda okungafanelekanga kunokunciphisa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Ukusebenzisa ubushushu obuninzi kunye nokusebenzisa isinyithi esingalunganga sokugcwalisa zizinto ezimbini ezibangela oku.
Ukulandela ezinye zezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunokunceda ukuphucula iziphumo nokuqinisekisa ukuba intsimbi ihlala inganyangeki ngumhlwa. Ukongeza, ukuphucula inkqubo yokuwelda kunokunyusa imveliso ngaphandle kokunciphisa umgangatho.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, ukukhetha intsimbi yokuzalisa kubalulekile ekulawuleni umxholo wekhabhoni. Iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuwelda umbhobho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo kufuneka ziphucule ukusebenza kokuwelda kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa.
Khangela iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“L” ezifana ne-ER308L kuba zibonelela ngomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni onceda ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwii-alloys zentsimbi engagqwali ezinekhabhoni ephantsi. Ukuwelda isinyithi esisisiseko sekhabhoni ephantsi ngeentsimbi zokuzalisa eziqhelekileyo kwandisa umxholo wekhabhoni kwijoyinti yokuwelda, okwandisa umngcipheko wokugqwala. Ziphephe iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezibhalwe "H" kuba zibonelela ngomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni kwaye zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ezifuna amandla aphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, kubalulekile ukukhetha intsimbi yokuzalisa enezinga eliphantsi lokulandelelana (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-uncomprises) yezinto. Ezi zizinto eziseleyo kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukwenza i-filler metals, kuquka i-antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus kunye ne-sulfur. Zinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Ngenxa yokuba intsimbi engatyiwayo ibuthathaka kakhulu ekufakweni kobushushu, ukulungiswa kwamalungu kunye nokuhlanganiswa okufanelekileyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ubushushu ukuze kugcinwe iimpawu zezinto. Izikhewu phakathi kwamacandelo okanye ukungalingani zifuna ukuba itotshi ihlale kwindawo enye ixesha elide, kwaye kufuneka isinyithi esongezelelweyo sokugcwalisa ezo zikhewu. Oku kunokubangela ukuba ubushushu buqokeleleke kwindawo echaphazelekayo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba inxalenye ishushu kakhulu. Ukungalingani kakuhle kunokwenza kube nzima ukuvala isikhewu kunye nokufumana ukungena okufunekayo kwe-weld. Lumka ukuba udibanise iindawo nentsimbi engatyiwayo ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ubunyulu bale nto bubaluleke kakhulu. Ubungakanani obuncinci kakhulu bezinto ezingcolisayo okanye ukungcola kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo kunokubangela iziphene ezinciphisa amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwemveliso yokugqibela. Ukucoca isiseko ngaphambi kokudityaniselwa, sebenzisa ibrashi ekhethekileyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engasetyenziswanga kwintsimbi yekhabhoni okanye kwi-aluminium.
Kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, ukuziva unamandla sesona sizathu siphambili sokulahlekelwa kukumelana nokugqwala. Oku kunokwenzeka xa ubushushu bokuwelda kunye nesantya sokupholisa sitshintsha kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho kwisakhiwo sezinto.
Le weld yangaphandle kwipayipi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, edityaniswe kusetyenziswa i-GMAW kunye ne-controlled deposition metal (RMD) ngaphandle kwe-root backwash, ifana ngembonakalo nangomgangatho we-welds ezenziwe nge-GTAW backwash.
Inxalenye ephambili yokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali yi-chromium oxide. Kodwa ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni we-weld uphezulu kakhulu, i-chromium carbide iyakhiwa. Zibopha i-chromium kwaye zithintele ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide efunekayo, nto leyo enika i-stainless steel ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Ukuba akukho chromium oxide yaneleyo, loo nto ayiyi kuba neempawu ezifunekayo kwaye kuya kubakho ukugqwala.
Ukuthintela ukuziva ukhululekile kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni isinyithi esizalisa kunye nolawulo lokufaka ubushushu. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukukhetha isinyithi esizalisa esinomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, ikhabhoni ngamanye amaxesha iyadingeka ukuze inike amandla kwiindlela ezithile zokusebenza. Ulawulo lobushushu lubaluleke kakhulu xa iintsimbi ezizalisa ikhabhoni ephantsi zingafanelekanga.
Nciphisa ixesha elichithwa yi-weld kunye ne-HAZ kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ngesiqhelo ngama-950 ukuya kwi-1500 degrees Fahrenheit (500 ukuya kwi-800 degrees Celsius). Ukuba ixesha elincinci lokufaka i-soldering kolu luhlu, kokukhona ubushushu buncinci obuveliswayo. Soloko ujonga kwaye ujonge ubushushu be-interpass ngexesha lenkqubo yokufaka i-soldering.
Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezineenxalenye zokuxutywa ezifana ne-titanium kunye ne-niobium ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide. Ngenxa yokuba ezi nxalenye zikwachaphazela amandla kunye nokuqina, ezi ntsimbi zokuzalisa azinakusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkqubo.
Ukuwelda kwe-root weld tungsten arc welding (GTAW) yindlela yendabuko yokuwelda kwipayipi yentsimbi engagqwali. Oku kudla ngokufuna i-argon backflush ukuthintela i-oxidation kwicala elingaphantsi kwe-weld. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuwelda ngocingo kwimibhobho yentsimbi engagqwali kuya kuxhaphaka. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela iigesi ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela ezichaphazela ngayo ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo kusetyenziswa i-gas arc welding (GMAW) kusetyenziswa i-argon kunye ne-carbon dioxide, umxube we-argon kunye ne-oxygen okanye umxube wegesi ezintathu (i-helium, i-argon kunye ne-carbon dioxide). Ngokwesiqhelo, le mixube iqulathe i-argon okanye i-helium kwaye ingaphantsi kwe-5% ye-carbon dioxide kuba i-carbon dioxide inika ikhabhoni kwi-weld pool kwaye yandisa umngcipheko wokuziva. I-argon ecocekileyo ayikhuthazwa kwi-GMAW kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Ucingo olune-core lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo luyilelwe ukusebenza nomxube wendabuko we-75% argon kunye ne-25% carbon dioxide. Ulwelo lunezithako ezenzelwe ukuthintela ukungcoliswa kwe-weld yi-carbon evela kwigesi ekhuselayo.
Njengoko iinkqubo ze-GMAW zazitshintsha, zenze kwaba lula ukuwelda imibhobho yentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Nangona ezinye izicelo zisenokufuna inkqubo ye-GTAW, iinkqubo eziphambili zokucubungula iingcingo zinokubonelela ngomgangatho ofanayo kunye nemveliso ephezulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Ii-welds ze-ID zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezenziwe nge-GMAW RMD zifana ngomgangatho kunye nenkangeleko kwii-welds ze-OD ezifanelekileyo.
I-root pass esebenzisa inkqubo ye-GMAW yesekethe emfutshane eguquliweyo efana ne-Miller's controlled metal deposition (RMD) isusa i-backwash kwezinye izicelo ze-austenitic stainless steel. I-RMD root pass inokulandelwa yi-pulsed GMAW okanye i-flux-cored arc welding ukuze kuzaliswe kwaye kuvalwe ii-pass, utshintsho olugcina ixesha nemali xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa i-backflushed GTAW, ingakumbi kwiipayipi ezinkulu.
I-RMD isebenzisa udluliselo lwesinyithi olulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuvelisa i-arc ezinzileyo kunye nedama lokuwelda. Oku kubangela amathuba amancinci okungena okanye ukunganyibiliki kubanda, ukuchitheka kancinci, kunye nomgangatho ongcono wokudlula kweengcambu zepayipi. Udluliselo lwesinyithi olulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo lukwaqinisekisa ukufakwa kwamaconsi afanayo kunye nolawulo olulula lwedama lokuwelda, ngaloo ndlela ukufakwa kobushushu kunye nesantya sokuwelda.
Iinkqubo ezingezizo ezemveli zinokuphucula imveliso yokuwelda. Xa usebenzisa i-RMD, isantya sokuwelda singaba ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-12 in/min. Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo iphucula imveliso ngaphandle kokufudumeza okongeziweyo kwamalungu, inceda ukugcina iipropati kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali. Ukunciphisa ubushushu benkqubo kukwanceda ukulawula ukuguquguquka kwe-substrate.
Le nkqubo ye-pulsed GMAW inika ubude obufutshane be-arc, i-arc cone encinci, kunye nokufakwa kobushushu okuncinci kunokutshiza okuqhelekileyo kwe-pulsed. Ekubeni le nkqubo ivaliwe, ukushukuma kwe-arc kunye nokuguquguquka kumgama ophakathi kwencam kunye nomsebenzi kuyasuswa phantse. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwechibi lokuwelda kunye nokuwelda kwindawo leyo. Okokugqibela, indibaniselwano ye-pulsed GMAW yokuzalisa kunye ne-top roll ene-RMD ye-root roll ivumela inkqubo yokuwelda ukuba yenziwe kusetyenziswa ucingo olunye kunye negesi enye, nto leyo enciphisa ixesha lokutshintsha kwenkqubo.
ITube & nePipe Journal 于1990 年成為第一本致力于為金属管材行业服务的杂志. Ijenali yeTube kunye nePipe ngo-1990 Umbhobho & Ijenali yombhobho стал первым журналом, посвященным индустрии металлических труб в 1990 году. I-Tube & Pipe Journal yaba yimagazini yokuqala ezinikele kushishino lweepayipi zesinyithi ngo-1990.Namhlanje, iseyeyona ncwadi ipapashiweyo kuphela kushishino eMntla Melika kwaye iye yaba ngumthombo wolwazi othembekileyo kwiingcali zeepayipi.
Ngoku ngokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwi-The FABRICATOR digital edition, kulula ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
Uhlelo lwedijithali lweThe Tube & Pipe Journal ngoku lufikeleleka ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo enika ukufikelela lula kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
Fumana ukufikelela okugcweleyo kwedijithali kwi-STAMPING Journal, equlethe ubuchwepheshe bamva nje, iindlela ezilungileyo kunye neendaba zoshishino kwimarike yokunyathela isinyithi.
Ngoku unokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwi-The Fabricator ngeSpanish, unokufikelela lula kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.