Mapaipi amatha kugawidwa m'mapaipi achitsulo ndi mapaipi omwe si achitsulo. Mapaipi achitsulo amagawidwanso mumitundu yachitsulo komanso yopanda chitsulo. Zitsulo zachitsulo zimapangidwa makamaka ndi chitsulo, pomwe zitsulo zopanda chitsulo sizimapangidwa ndi mapaipi achitsulo. mapaipi amtundu wa faifi tambala, komanso mapaipi amkuwa, ndi mapaipi opanda chitsulo.Mapaipi apulasitiki, mapaipi a konkire, mapaipi okhala ndi pulasitiki, mapaipi okhala ndi magalasi, mapaipi okhala ndi konkriti ndi mapaipi ena apadera omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazolinga zapadera amatchedwa mapaipi achitsulo. mapaipi a carbon steel amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Miyezo ya ASTM ndi ASME imayang'anira mapaipi osiyanasiyana ndi zida zamapaipi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
Chitsulo cha carbon ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani, chomwe chimawerengera zoposa 90% yazitsulo zonse zopanga.Kutengera zomwe zili mu mpweya, zitsulo za kaboni zimagawidwanso m'magulu atatu:
Mu zitsulo alloyed, magawo osiyanasiyana a zinthu alloying ntchito kukwaniritsa ankafuna (zabwino) katundu monga weldability, ductility, machinability, mphamvu, hardenability ndi dzimbiri kukana, etc.Ena mwa zinthu zambiri ntchito alloying ndi maudindo awo ndi motere:
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi aloyi zitsulo ndi chromium zili 10.5% (zochepa) zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimasonyeza zodabwitsa dzimbiri kukana chifukwa mapangidwe woonda kwambiri wosanjikiza Cr2O3 pamwamba. Molybdenum amawonjezedwa kuti apereke zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa (kapena zowongoleredwa).Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhalanso ndi kuchuluka kwa carbon, silicon ndi manganese.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatchulidwanso kuti:
Kuphatikiza pa magiredi apamwambawa, magiredi apamwamba (kapena magiredi apadera) zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamakampani ndi:
Zida zachitsulo zimakhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon (0.5% mpaka 1.5%). Mpweya wa carbon wapamwamba umapereka kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu.Chitsulo ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zida ndi nkhungu.Zitsulo zazitsulo zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum ndi vanadium kuti ziwonjezeke kutentha kwachitsulo ndi kuvala komanso kukhazikika.Izi zimapangitsa kuti zida zobowola zikhale zabwino kwambiri podula ndi kudula.
Mapaipiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga njira.ASTM ndi ASME zodziwika za mapaipi amawoneka mosiyana, koma magiredi azinthu ndi ofanana.Mwachitsanzo:
Kapangidwe kazinthu ndi katundu pa ASME ndi ASTM ma code ndizofanana kupatula dzina.Kulimba kwamakomedwe kwa ASTM A 106 Gr A ndi 330 Mpa, ASTM A 106 Gr B ndi 415 Mpa, ndi ASTM A 106 Gr C ndi 485 Mpa. Chitoliro cha carbon steel chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ASTM6 G0r A 6 G1 A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Hot Dip galvanized kapena Line Pipe), yomwenso ndi kalasi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chitoliro cha chitsulo cha carbon kwa chitoliro.ASTM A 53 chitoliro chilipo m'makalasi awiri:
ASTM A 53 Pipe imagawidwa m'mitundu itatu - Type E (RW - Resistance Welded), Type F (Nng'anjo ndi matako Welded), Type S (Seamless).Mu Type E, onse ASTM A 53 Gr A ndi ASTM A 53 Gr B zilipo.Mu Type F, ASTM A 53 Gr A yokha ndiyomwe ilipo, ASTM A3 Gr A5 ndi ASTM G3 ziliponso.Kulimba kwamphamvu kwa ASTM A 53 Gr A chitoliro ndi kofanana ndi ASTM A 106 Gr A pa 330 Mpa. Mphamvu yowonongeka ya ASTM A 53 Gr B chitoliro ndi yofanana ndi ASTM A 106 Gr B pa 415 Mpa. Izi zimaphimba mapaipi a carbon steel grade omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga ndondomeko.
Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga zinthu amatchedwa austenitic stainless steels.Makhalidwe ofunikira a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic ndikuti simaginito kapena paramagnetic.Mafotokozedwe atatu ofunikira pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic ndi:
Pali magiredi 18 mwatsatanetsatane, omwe 304 L ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Gulu lodziwika bwino ndi 316 L chifukwa cha kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri.ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) ya mipope 8 mainchesi kapena kuchepera m'mimba mwake. "L" pamodzi ndi kalasiyo ikuwonetsa kuti ili ndi mpweya wochepa wa carbon, womwe umapangitsa kuti chitoliro chikhale bwino.
Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa mapaipi akulu akulu omangika. Ndondomeko za mapaipi zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi Ndandanda 5S ndi Ndandanda 10.
Weldability wa Austenitic Stainless Steels - Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic zimakhala ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kuposa ferritic kapena martensitic zosapanga dzimbiri. kutengedwa posankha zinthu zodzaza ndi zowotcherera.Submerged arc kuwotcherera (SAW) sikuvomerezeka pamene zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic kapena ma welds otsika a ferrite amafunikira.Gome (Zowonjezera-1) ndi chitsogozo chosankha waya wodzaza kapena electrode yoyenera kutengera zinthu zoyambira (zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic).
Chubu cha Chromium molybdenum ndi choyenera pamizere yotumizira kutentha kwambiri chifukwa mphamvu yamachubu ya chubu ya chrome molybdenum imakhalabe yosasinthika pakatentha kwambiri. Chubuchi chimapeza ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi, zosinthira kutentha, ndi zina zotero. Chubuchi ndi ASTM A 335 m'makalasi angapo:
Mapaipi achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzimitsa moto, ngalande, zimbudzi, ntchito zolemetsa (pansi pa ntchito yolemetsa) - mapaipi apansi panthaka ndi ntchito zina.
Mapaipi achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi apansi pa ntchito zamoto.Mapaipi a Dürr ndi ovuta chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa silicon.Mapaipiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zamalonda za asidi, monga kalasiyo imasonyeza kukana kwa asidi wamalonda, ndi chithandizo chamadzi chomwe chimatulutsa zinyalala za asidi.
Nirmal Surendran Menon adalandira Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Anna, Tamil Nadu, India ku 2005 ndi Master of Science mu Project Management kuchokera ku National University of Singapore ku 2010. Iye ali mu mafakitale a mafuta / gasi / petrochemical. Malo opangira madzi a LNG.
Ashish ali ndi digiri ya bachelor mu engineering ndipo ali ndi zaka zopitilira 20 akugwira nawo ntchito zambiri zauinjiniya, kutsimikizira kwabwino / kuwongolera zabwino, ziyeneretso za opereka / kuyang'anira, kugula zinthu, kuyang'anira zida zowotcherera, zowotcherera, kupanga, zomanga ndi zocheperako.
Ntchito zamafuta ndi gasi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kumadera akutali kutali ndi likulu la makampani.Tsopano, ndizotheka kuyang'anira ntchito ya mpope, kukonza ndi kusanthula deta ya seismic, ndikutsata antchito padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera pafupifupi kulikonse.Kaya ogwira ntchito ali muofesi kapena kutali, intaneti ndi mapulogalamu okhudzana nawo amathandiza kuti chidziwitso chochuluka chochuluka chiziyenda ndi kulamulira kuposa kale lonse.
Lembetsani ku OILMAN Lero, kalata yamakalata yamasabata awiri ndi sabata imaperekedwa ku bokosi lanu ndi zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza bizinesi yamafuta ndi gasi, zomwe zikuchitika komanso zambiri zamakampani.