Nubwo imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga ishyirwa mu bidukikije byo mu mazi ihura n'ingese zitandukanye mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwayo buteganijwe. Iyi ngese ishobora gutera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, igihombo cy'ibicuruzwa ndetse n'ingaruka zishobora kubaho. Ba nyir'ibikoresho byo mu mazi n'abayikoresha bashobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika bashyiraho ibikoresho bikomeye by'imiyoboro kuva mu ntangiriro kugira ngo barusheho kurwanya ingese. Nyuma y'ibyo, bagomba gukomeza kuba maso mu gihe bagenzura imiyoboro y'ibinyabutabire, imiyoboro ya hydraulic na impulse, ndetse n'ibikoresho byo gutunganya no gushyiraho ibikoresho kugira ngo barebe ko ingese idahungabanya ubuziranenge bw'imiyoboro yashyizweho cyangwa ngo igire ingaruka ku mutekano.
Ingeso mbi ziboneka ahantu runaka ku mbuga nyinshi, amato, amato n'imiyoboro yo mu mazi. Iyi ngeso mbi ishobora kuba mu buryo bw'ingufu zipfundikiye cyangwa zipfundikiye, imwe muri zo ikaba ishobora gusenya urukuta rw'imiyoboro bigatuma amazi asohoka.
Ingaruka zo kwangirika ziyongera uko ubushyuhe bw'imikorere y'umuyoboro bwiyongera. Ubushyuhe bushobora kwihutisha kwangirika kwa firime y'inyuma y'umuyoboro w'amazi irinda umuyoboro, bityo bigatuma habaho gucika kw'imiyoboro.
Ikibabaje ni uko ingese iri mu mwobo n'imirongo y'amazi bigoranye kuyimenya, bigatuma bigorana kumenya, guhanura no gushushanya ubwo bwoko bw'ingese. Bitewe n'izi ngaruka, ba nyiri platform, abakoresha n'abashinzwe kuyikoresha bagomba kwitonda mu guhitamo ibikoresho byiza byo gukoresha mu miyoboro. Guhitamo ibikoresho ni bwo buryo bwa mbere bwo kwirinda ingese, bityo kubikora neza ni ingenzi cyane. Ku bw'amahirwe, bashobora gukoresha uburyo bworoshye ariko bunoze bwo gupima ingese iri mu mwobo, Umubare uhwanye na Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). Uko agaciro ka PREN k'icyuma kaba kari hejuru, niko imbaraga zacyo zo kurwanya ingese ziri mu mwobo ziyongera.
Iyi nkuru izareba uburyo bwo kumenya imyanda iri mu mwobo n'imyanya y'amazi ndetse n'uburyo bwo kunoza uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho byo mu miyoboro y'amazi mu bijyanye no gukoresha peteroli na gaze mu mazi hashingiwe ku gaciro ka PREN k'ibikoresho.
Ingeso mbi zigaragara ahantu hato ugereranije n’ingeso mbi rusange, ziba zimeze kimwe hejuru y’ubuso bw’icyuma. Ingeso mbi zitangira kugaragara ku muyoboro wa 316 w’icyuma kitagira umugese iyo agace k’icyuma gakungahaye kuri chromium-aside passive oxide gacitse bitewe no guhura n’ibintu bihumanya, harimo n’amazi y’umunyu. Ibidukikije byo mu mazi bikungahaye kuri chloride, ndetse n’ubushyuhe bwinshi ndetse n’ubwandu bw’ubuso bw’umuyoboro, byongera amahirwe yo kwangirika kw’iyi filime ifasha mu kunyura mu kirere.
Guturika kw'imyobo Guturika kw'imyobo bibaho iyo agace k'imyobo gatuma imashini isohoka ku gice cy'umuyoboro kameneka, kagakora utwobo duto cyangwa imyobo hejuru y'umuyoboro. Ibyo byobo bishobora gukura uko ibyuma bihinduka, bigatuma icyuma kiri mu cyuma gishonga mu mvange iri hasi mu mwobo. Icyo cyuma gishongeshejwe kizakwirakwira hejuru y'icyobo hanyuma kigakora ogisijeni y'icyuma cyangwa ingese. Uko icyobo kigenda cyiyongera, imikorere y'amashanyarazi yihuta, ingese iriyongera, ibi bishobora gutuma urukuta rw'umuyoboro rubomoka kandi bigatera kuva amazi.
Imiyoboro irushaho kwibasirwa n’imyobo iyo inyuma yayo yanduye (Ishusho ya 1). Urugero, imyanda ituruka ku gusudira no gusya ishobora kwangiza urwego rwa okiside yo mu muyoboro, bityo ikarema kandi ikihutisha imyobo. Ni kimwe no guhangana n’imyanda ituruka ku miyoboro. Byongeye kandi, uko ibitonyanga by’umunyu bishira, umunyu w’amazi utose ugaragara ku miyoboro urinda urwego rwa okiside kandi ushobora gutera imyobo. Kugira ngo wirinde ubwo bwoko bw’imyanda, komeza imiyoboro yawe isukuye uyisukura buri gihe n’amazi meza.
Ishusho ya 1. Umuyoboro w'icyuma kitagira umugese wa 316/316L wandujwe na aside, saline, n'ibindi bintu bifunze ushobora kwangirika cyane.
Gushwanyagurika kw'imirongo. Kenshi na kenshi, aho imyobo iherereye bishobora kugaragara byoroshye n'uyikoresha. Ariko, gushwanyagurika kw'imirongo ntibyoroshye kubibona kandi biteza ingaruka zikomeye ku bakoresha n'abakozi. Ibi bikunze kubaho ku miyoboro ifite icyuho gito hagati y'ibikoresho biyikikije, nk'imiyoboro ifatanywe imigozi cyangwa imiyoboro ifatanye neza. Iyo amazi y'umugezi yinjira mu cyuho, uko igihe kigenda gihita, umuti wa ferric chloride (FeCl3) urimo ubushyuhe bwinshi uterwa n'imiti (FeCl3), bigatuma icyuho cyihuta (Ishusho ya 2). Kubera ko imiterere yacyo yo kwangirika kw'imirongo yongera ibyago byo kwangirika, gushwanyagurika kw'imirongo bishobora kubaho ku bushyuhe buri hasi cyane kuruta gushwanyagurika.
Ishusho ya 2 - Ingese ishobora kuvuka hagati y'umuyoboro n'inkunga y'umuyoboro (hejuru) no iyo umuyoboro ushyizwe hafi y'ahandi (hasi) bitewe n'ikorwa ry'umuti wa ferric chloride ufite aside nyinshi mu cyuho.
Ubusanzwe ingese y’imiyoboro y’amazi isa n’aho imyenge iri mu cyuho kiri hagati y’igice cy’umuyoboro n’ijosi rishyigikira umuyoboro. Ariko, bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwinshi bwa Fe++ mu mazi ari mu mvune, umuyoboro w’amazi utangira uba munini kugeza igihe upfundikiye imvune yose. Amaherezo, ingese y’imiyoboro y’amazi ishobora gutuma umuyoboro utoboka.
Imiyoboro minini ni yo ishobora gutera ingese. Kubwibyo, imiyoboro ikikije igice kinini cy'umuyoboro ikunze kuba mibi kurusha imiyoboro ifunguye, bigatuma ubuso buto hagati y'umuyoboro n'imiyoboro ifatana. Abatekinisiye ba serivisi bashobora gufasha kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika kw'imiyoboro bafungura buri gihe ibikoresho no kugenzura ubuso bw'imiyoboro kugira ngo barebe niba hari ingese.
Gushonga kw'ibice n'ingufu bishobora kwirindwa hatoranywa icyuma gikwiye gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye. Abakoresha ibikoresho bigomba gukora ubushakashatsi mu guhitamo ibikoresho byiza byo guteka imiyoboro kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo kwangirika, bitewe n'aho imikorere ibera, imiterere y'ibikorwa, n'ibindi bintu.
Kugira ngo abapima ibikoresho bafashe abakoresha ibikoresho byabo mu buryo bwiza, bashobora kugereranya agaciro ka PREN k'ibyuma kugira ngo bamenye ubushobozi bwabyo bwo guhangana n'ingufu zisanzwe. PREN ishobora kubarwa uhereye ku bume bw'icyuma, harimo chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), na azote (N), ku buryo bukurikira:
PREN yiyongera bitewe n'ingano y'ibintu birwanya ingese bya chromium, molybdenum na azote mu ruganda. Igipimo cya PREN gishingiye ku bushyuhe bw'ibice by'ingenzi (CPT) - ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane aho ibice by'ibi ...
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igereranya agaciro ka PREN ku byuma bitandukanye bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda za peteroli na gaze. Igaragaza uburyo ibipimo bishobora kongera cyane ubudahangarwa bw'ingese hifashishijwe icyuma cy'imiyoboro cy'ubuziranenge. PREN yiyongera gato kuva kuri 316 SS kugera kuri 317 SS. Super Austenitic 6 Mo SS cyangwa Super Duplex 2507 SS ni byiza cyane kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kwiyongera.
Ubucucike bwinshi bwa nikeli (Ni) mu byuma bidashonga nabwo byongera ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu. Ariko, ubucucike bwa nikeli mu byuma bidashonga si igice cya PREN equation. Uko byagenda kose, akenshi ni byiza guhitamo ibyuma bidashonga bifite ubucucike bwinshi bwa nikeli, kuko iki kintu gifasha kongera kugarura ubuso bugaragaza ibimenyetso bya corruption. Nikeli ikomeza austenite kandi ikarinda martensite kubaho iyo igonze cyangwa ikonje ikurura umuyoboro ukomeye wa 1/8. Martensite ni crystalline phase idakenewe mu byuma igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma bidashonga na corruption iterwa na chloride. Ubucucike bwinshi bwa nikeli nibura 12% mu byuma bya 316/316L nabyo ni byiza mu gukoresha gaze ya hydrogen ifite umuvuduko mwinshi. Ubucucike buke bwa nikeli busabwa mu byuma bidashonga bya ASTM 316/316L ni 10%.
Ingeso mbi zishobora kubaho ahantu hose mu muyoboro ukoreshwa mu bidukikije byo mu mazi. Ariko, ingiga zikunze kubaho ahantu hamaze kwanduzwa, mu gihe ingiga zikunze kubaho ahantu hafite icyuho gito hagati y’umuyoboro n’ibikoresho byo kuwushyiramo. Hakoreshejwe PREN nk'ishingiro, umuhanga mu by'igenamiterere ashobora guhitamo urwego rwiza rw’umuyoboro kugira ngo agabanye ibyago byo kwangirika kw’ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose.
Ariko, ibuka ko hari izindi mpinduka zishobora kugira ingaruka ku byago byo kwangirika. Urugero, ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku kudakomera kw'icyuma kidashonga ku mwobo. Ku birere bishyushye byo mu mazi, imiyoboro ya super austenitic 6 molybdenum steel cyangwa super duplex 2507 stainless steel igomba gusuzumwa cyane kuko ibi bikoresho bifite ubudahangarwa bwiza ku kwangirika kw'aho hantu no kwangirika kwa chloride. Ku birere bikonje, umuyoboro wa 316/316L ushobora kuba uhagije, cyane cyane niba hari amateka yo gukoreshwa neza.
Ba nyiri puratifomu zo mu mazi n'abazikoresha nabo bashobora gufata ingamba zo kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika nyuma yo gushyiraho imiyoboro. Bagomba gukomeza gusukura imiyoboro no kuyisukura buri gihe kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo kwangirika. Bagomba kandi kugira abatekinisiye mu by'ubuziranenge bafungura ibyuma mu gihe cyo kugenzura buri gihe kugira ngo barebe niba hari ingese.
Bakurikije intambwe zavuzwe haruguru, ba nyiri puratifomu n'abayikoresha bashobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'imiyoboro y'amazi n'ibindi bijyana nayo mu bidukikije byo mu nyanja, kunoza umutekano n'imikorere myiza, no kugabanya amahirwe yo gutakaza ibicuruzwa cyangwa imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Brad Bollinger is the Oil and Gas Marketing Manager for Swagelok. He can be contacted at bradley.bollinger@swagelok.com.
Ikinyamakuru cy’ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli, ikinyamakuru cy’ingenzi cy’Umuryango w’Abahanga mu by’Ingufu za Peteroli, gitanga inyandiko n’ingingo z’ingirakamaro ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ibibazo by’inganda za peteroli na gaze, ndetse n’amakuru yerekeye SPE n’abanyamuryango bayo.