Wopanga OEM China 310S Chitoliro Chopangidwa ndi Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Chogwiritsa Ntchito Mafuta
Ndi udindo wathu kukwaniritsa zosowa zanu ndikukutumikirani bwino. Chisangalalo chanu ndiye mphotho yathu yayikulu. Takhala tikufunafuna mwayi wowonjezera chitoliro cha OEM China 310S Stainless Steel Coiled Pipe chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta, tikukulandirani ndi mtima wonse kuti mupange mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri ndi ife.
Ndi udindo wathu kukwaniritsa zosowa zanu ndikukutumikirani bwino. Chisangalalo chanu ndiye mphotho yathu yayikulu. Takhala tikufunafuna mwayi wanu wowonjezera mgwirizano wanu.Chitsulo cha China, Chitoliro chachitsulo, Mutha kugula zinthu nthawi imodzi pano. Ndipo maoda okonzedwa ndi ovomerezeka. Bizinesi yeniyeni ndikupeza phindu kwa onse, ngati n'kotheka, tikufuna kupereka chithandizo chowonjezereka kwa makasitomala. Takulandirani ogula onse abwino kuti atiuzeni zambiri za malonda ndi malingaliro athu!!
Ogulitsa mapaipi a chubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri a ASTM A269 316L
Chiyambi
chubu chosapanga dzimbiri chachitsulo chozungulira
choyimbira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri cha koyilo
ogulitsa chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopanda zingwe
opanga chubu chosapanga dzimbiri chopangira koyilo
choyimbira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Giredi 316 ndiye giredi yodziwika bwino yokhala ndi molybdenum, yachiwiri pakufunika kwambiri kuposa 304 pakati pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic. Molybdenum imapereka mphamvu 316 zabwino kwambiri zopewera dzimbiri kuposa Giredi 304, makamaka kukana kwambiri dzimbiri la dzenje ndi ming'alu m'malo okhala ndi chloride.
Giredi 316L, mtundu wotsika wa kaboni wa 316 ndipo sungathe kukhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa mpweya (kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbide m'malire a tirigu). Chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzinthu zolemera zolumikizidwa (zoposa 6mm). Nthawi zambiri palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pamitengo pakati pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316 ndi 316L.
Kapangidwe ka austenitic kamapatsanso mitundu iyi kulimba kwabwino kwambiri, ngakhale kutentha kwambiri.
Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za chromium-nickel austenitic, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za 316L zimapereka mphamvu zambiri, kupsinjika mpaka kuphulika komanso mphamvu yokoka pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Katundu Wofunika
Makhalidwe amenewa afotokozedwa pa chinthu chopindika chosalala (mbale, pepala ndi chozungulira) mu ASTM A240/A240M. Makhalidwe ofanana koma osati ofanana kwenikweni afotokozedwa pa zinthu zina monga chitoliro ndi bala m'mafotokozedwe awo.
Kapangidwe kake
★Machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri opangidwa ndi zitsulo zopota
- Miyezo: Muyezo wa ASTM A269/A249
- Giredi: TP304, TP316L 304 316 310S 2205 825 625
- Dzina la Malonda:Machubu Ozungulira a SS304, Machubu Ozungulira a SS316, Machubu Ozungulira a Duplex, Machubu Ozungulira a Monel 400, Machubu Ozungulira a Hastelloy, Machubu Ozungulira a Inconel, Machubu Ozungulira a 904L, Machubu Ozungulira Opanda Msoko, Machubu Ozungulira Ozungulira Olumikizidwa
- Kutuluka m'mimba mwake: 6.52-19.05mm
- Ganizirani: 0.2-2MM
- Kulekerera: OD± 0.1mm, makulidwe a khoma: ± 10%, kutalika: ± 5mm
- 6.Utali: 300-3500M/coil
- phukusi: chitsulo pallet, matabwa pallet, poli bag
- ntchito: zida zoziziritsira, evaporator, kutumizira madzi a gasi, condenser, makina a zakumwa
- 4. state: soft / half hard / soft bright annealing
- 5. Mafotokozedwe: m'mimba mwake wakunja 6.52mm-20mm, makulidwe a khoma: 0.40mm-1.5mm
- Kulekerera: m'mimba mwake: + 0.1mm, makulidwe a khoma: + 10%, kutalika: -0/+6mm
- Utali: 800-3500M kapena malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala.
- Ubwino wa chinthu: kupukuta pamwamba ndi bwino, makulidwe ofanana a khoma, kulondola kwa kulekerera ndi zina zotero.
- Kawirikawiri Kukula kwa chubu chosapanga dzimbiri chophimbidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri: tikhoza kuwapanga ngati pempho lanu.
★Mitundu ya kapangidwe ka zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za 316Lmachubu ozungulira machubu ozungulira
Katundu wa Makina
| Giredi |
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N |
| 316L | Ochepera | - | - | - | - | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| Max | 0.03 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 |
Gome 2.Kapangidwe ka makina a zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za 316L zozungulira machubu / zozungulira
| Giredi | Str yolimba | Kupereka Str | Elong | Kuuma | |
| Rockwell B (HR B) max | Brinell (HB) upamwamba | ||||
| 316L | 485 | 170 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
Katundu Wathupi
Gome 3.Kapangidwe ka zinthu zakuthupi ka zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za 316 grade.
| Giredi | Kuchulukana | Modulus Yotanuka | Avereji ya Kuwonjezeka kwa Kutentha (µm/m/°C) | Kutentha kwa Matenthedwe | Kutentha Kwapadera 0-100°C | Kusakhazikika kwa Magetsi | |||
| 0-100°C | 0-315°C | 0-538°C | Pa 100°C | Pa 500°C | |||||
| 316/L/H | 8000 | 193 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 21.5 | 500 | 740 |
Kuyerekeza kwa Ma Giredi
Gome 4.Mafotokozedwe a kalasi ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za 316L.
| Giredi | UNS | Azungu akale | Euronorm | Chiswidishi | Chijapani | ||
| BS | En | No | Dzina | ||||
| 316L | S31603 | 316S11 | - | 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 2348 | SUS 316L |
▼Machubu/machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri okhala ndi kukula kofanana
| Kukula kwa chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri | ||||
| CHINTHU | Giredi | Kukula | Kupanikizika | Utali |
| 1 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.025″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 2 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.035″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 3 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.035″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 4 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.049″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 5 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.035″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 6 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.049″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 7 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.049″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 8 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.065″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 9 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm × 0.7mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 10 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm × 0.9mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 11 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm × 0.9mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 12 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm × 1.1mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 13 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm × 0.9mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 14 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm × 1.1mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 15 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 16 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1.2mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 17 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 18 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1.2mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 19 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 2mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
| 20 | 316L、304L、304 aloyi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ12mm × 1.5mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
▼Ubwino wathu:
Ndife opanga machubu/mapaipi opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Tikhoza kulamulira ubwino wa chitoliro tokha.
Kutalika kwa mapaipi kumaposa 3500M/Coil.
★Machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri / machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri:
- Makampani Ogulitsa Zakudya ndi Zakumwa
- Mankhwala a Petrochemical
- Ntchito za CNG Piping
- Maboiler
- Zomera Zochotsa Mchere M'madzi
- Zomera Zotentha Kwambiri
- Zosinthira kutentha
- Ntchito Zopangira Zida
- Ntchito za Makaniko
- Zipangizo za Mafuta ndi Gasi ndi Ntchito Zopangira Mapaipi
★Machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri / machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zina:
USA
| Germany | Germany | FRANCE | JAPAN | ITALY | SWEDEN | UK | EU | SPAIN | RUSSIA | |
| AISI | DIN 17006 | WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | UNION | SIS | BSI | EURONORM | ||
| 201 | SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 304 Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 304L Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 304H Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 316 Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 316L Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 316H Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 317L Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 321 Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 347 Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri 410 Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 904L Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 310S Coiled Tubing/Coil Tubing
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 310 Machubu Ozungulira/ Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 310H Coiled Machubu/Coil Tubing
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 316Ti Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 321H Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 347 Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
l Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 347H Machubu Ozungulira/Machubu Ozungulira
★Machubu opindika opanda msoko ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri pa ntchito zambiri zofunika chifukwa palibe chiopsezo cha zinyalala zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi machubu opindika opindika.
Umapezeka muutali wopangidwa mwamakonda
Chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa makina
u Greater dzimbiri kukana
u Amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira, kuteteza kuthekera kwa kutuluka kwa madzi ndi zina zolephera kwa nthawi yayitali
Kuchepetsa ndalama zoyikira - kuyikira kumafuna nthawi yochepa komanso khama lochepa
Tili ndi luso lotumiza zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kwa zaka zoposa khumi.
Kufotokozera: Liaocheng sihe zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zopangidwa ndi kampani yocheperako
Chophimba chachitsulo chakhala ndi mbiri ya zaka khumi, chili ndi mizere iwiri yopangira yomwe imatha kupanga chitoliro cholumikizidwa mosalekeza, zida zake ndizabwino kwambiri, mtsogoleri waukadaulo. Koma kampaniyo idayambitsa ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wowala, njira yofewetsera chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza apo, tili ndi mayeso opsinjika, oyaka, opindika, owuma 100%, otambasula, mayeso okakamira mpweya ndi zina zotero, mtengo wake ndi wololera, khalidwe ndi lodalirika, ndipo kutumiza kwa ma coil a 80% ku US kwaposachedwa padziko lonse lapansi.













