Boleng bo botle ba China 304 304L 316 316L 310S 321 Bohloeki bo se nang seamless Steel Tube / Ss Tube ka Theko e Tlase
Bear "Lengolo la pele la bareki, boleng bo holimo pele", re sebetsa haufi-ufi le bareki ba rona mme re ba fa lits'ebeletso tse sebetsang hantle le tse ikhethang tsa litsebi bakeng sa boleng bo botle China 304 304L 316 316L 310S 321 Bohloeki bo se nang sekoli ba tšepe e sa hloekang / ss tube ka theko e tlase, Re tla etsa sohle se matleng a rona ho phethahatsa litlhaloso tsa hau mme re ntse re batla ka tieo ho theha lenyalo le thusang la khoebo e nyane le uena!
Hopola "lengolo la bareki, boleng bo holimo pele", re sebetsa haufi-ufi le bareki ba rona mme re ba fa lits'ebeletso tse sebetsang hantle le tse ikhethang tsa litsebi bakeng saPipe ea Chaena, Pipe ea Tšepe, Re hapa bareki ba bangata ba tšepahalang ka boiphihlelo bo ruileng, lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele, lihlopha tse nang le boiphihlelo, taolo e tiileng ea boleng le tšebeletso e ntle ka ho fetisisa. Re ka netefatsa lintho tsohle tsa rona. Melemo le khotsofalo ea bareki ke sepheo sa rona se seholo kamehla. Etsa bonnete ba hore u ikopanya le rona. Re fe monyetla, u u fe ntho e makatsang.
Bafepedi ba ASTM A269 316L ba tšepe e sa ruseng ba koahelang liphaephe tsa tube
Selelekela
tšepe e sa hloekang e koaheloang ka tšepe
khoele ea tšepe e sa hloekang
sehokelo sa tšepe e sa hloekang
phala ea tšepe e sa hloekang
bafepedi ba tube ea tšepe e sa hloekang
bahlahisi ba tube ea tšepe e sa hloekang
khoele ea phala ea tšepe e sa hloekang
Sehlopha sa 316 ke sehlopha se tloaelehileng se jarang molybdenum, sa bobeli ka bohlokoa ho feta 304 har'a litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa austenitic. Molybdenum e fana ka thepa e 316 e betere ea ho hanyetsa mafome ho feta Sehlopha sa 304, haholo-holo khanyetso e phahameng khahlanong le mafome a sekoti le a makhapetla tikolohong ea chloride.
Sehlopha sa 316L, mofuta o tlase oa khabone oa 316 'me ha o na ho sensitization (puso ea carbide ea moeli oa lijo-thollo). Kahoo e sebelisoa haholo likarolong tse welded tsa gauge e boima (tse fetang 6mm). Hangata ha ho na phapang e bonahalang ea theko pakeng tsa tšepe e sa hloekang ea 316 le 316L.
Sebopeho sa austenitic se boetse se fa maemo ana matla a maholo, esita le ho fihlela mochesong o batang haholo.
Ha e bapisoa le litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa chromium-nickel austenitic, tšepe e sa hloekang ea 316L e fana ka ho thekesela ho hoholo, khatello ea maikutlo ho ea ho petsoha le matla a ho taboha mochesong o phahameng.
Matlotlo a Bohlokoa
Litšobotsi tsena li boletsoe bakeng sa sehlahisoa se phutholohileng se bataletseng (poleiti, lakane le khoele) ho ASTM A240/A240M. Litšobotsi tse tšoanang empa e seng hakaalo-kaalo li boletsoe bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse ling tse kang phaephe le bareng ka litlhaloso tsa tsona tse fapaneng.
Sebopeho
★Litlhaloso tsa liphaephe tse kobehileng tsa tšepe e sa hloekang
- Maemo: Maemo a ASTM A269/A249
- Sehlopha: TP304, TP316L 304 316 310S 2205 825 625
- Lebitso la Khoebo:Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tsa SS304, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tsa SS316, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tse Duplex, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tsa Monel 400, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tsa Hastelloy, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tsa Inconel, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tsa 904L, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tse se nang Seamless, Li-Tube tse Koetsoeng tse Welded
- Bophara ba kantle: 6.52-19.05mm
- Nahana: 0.2-2MM
- Mamello: OD± 0.1mm, botenya ba lebota: ±10%, bolelele: ±5mm
- 6. Bolelele: 300-3500M/khoele
- sephutheloana: pallet ea tšepe, pallet ea lehong, mokotla oa poly
- tshebediso: disebediswa tsa sehatsetsing, evaporator, phano ya mokelikeli wa kgase, condenser, mochini wa seno
- 4. boemo: bonolo / halofo e thata / bonolo e khanyang e annealing
- 5. Litlhaloso: bophara ba kantle 6.52mm-20mm, botenya ba lebota: 0.40mm-1.5mm
- Mefuta ea mamello: bophara: + 0.1mm, botenya ba lebota: + 10%, bolelele: -0/+6mm
- Bolelele: 800-3500M kapa ho latela ditlhoko tsa bareki.
- Melemo ea sehlahisoa: ho bentša bokaholimo le botle, botenya ba lebota bo ts'oanang, ho nepahala ha mamello jj.
- Ka tloaelo Boholo ba tšepe e sa hloekang e kobehileng: re ka li hlahisa joalo ka kopo ea hau.
★Mefuta ea metsoako ea litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa 316Lliphaephe tse kobehileng liphaephe tse kobehileng
Matlotlo a Mekaniki
| Sehlopha |
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N |
| 316L | Bonyane | - | - | - | - | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| Boholo | 0.03 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 |
Tafole ea 2.Thepa ea mechini ea li-tube tse koahetsoeng ka tšepe tse sa hloekang tsa 316L
| Sehlopha | Sekoahelo sa Tensile | Sete ea Lihlahisoa | Elong | Bothata | |
| Rockwell B (HR B) max | Brinell (HB) boholo | ||||
| 316L | 485 | 170 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
Matlotlo a 'Mele
Tafole ea 3.Thepa e tloaelehileng ea 'mele bakeng sa litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa sehlopha sa 316.
| Sehlopha | Botenya | Modulus e tenyetsehang | Katoloso e Bohareng ea Thermal Co-eff (µm/m/°C) | Ho khanna ha mocheso | Mocheso o Ikhethang 0-100°C | Ho hanyetsa motlakase | |||
| 0-100°C | 0-315°C | 0-538°C | Ho 100°C | Ho 500°C | |||||
| 316/L/H | 8000 | 193 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 21.5 | 500 | 740 |
Papiso ea Tlhaloso ea Sehlopha
Tafole ea 4.Litlhaloso tsa maemo bakeng sa litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa 316L.
| Sehlopha | UNS | Borithane ba Khale | Euronorm | Seswedishe | Sejapane | ||
| BS | En | No | Lebitso | ||||
| 316L | S31603 | 316S11 | - | 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 2348 | SUS 316L |
▼Li-tube tse kobehileng tsa tšepe e sa hloekang/li-tube tsa coil tse tloaelehileng
| Boholo ba Tube ea Coil ea tšepe e sa hloekang | ||||
| NTHO | Sehlopha | Boholo | Khatello | Bolelele |
| 1 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.025″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 2 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.035″ | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 3 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.035″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 4 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.049″ | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 5 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.035″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 6 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.049″ | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 7 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.049″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 8 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.065″ | 1000 | 500-2000 |
| 9 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.7mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 10 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.9mm | 3200 | 500-2000 |
| 11 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm × 0.9mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 12 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm × 1.1mm | 3000 | 500-2000 |
| 13 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm×0.9mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 14 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm × 1.1mm | 2000 | 500-2000 |
| 15 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 16 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm × 1.2mm | 1800 | 500-2000 |
| 17 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 18 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 1.2mm | 1500 | 500-2000 |
| 19 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm × 2mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
| 20 | 316L, 304L, 304 motsoako 625 825 2205 2507 | φ12mm × 1.5mm | 500 | 500-2000 |
▼Melemo ea rona:
Re moetsi oa tube/phaephe e kobehileng ka tšepe e sa hloekang.
Re ka laola boleng ba phaephe ka borona.
Bolelele ba liphaephe bo feta 3500M/Coil.
★Tšebeliso ea liphaephe tse kobehileng tsa tšepe e sa hloekang / tse kobehileng:
- Indasteri ea Lijo le Lino
- Khemik'hale ea Petrochemical
- Mesebetsi ea Liphaephe tsa CNG
- Liboiler
- Limela tsa ho Tlosa Letsoai
- Limela tsa Geothermal
- Bafani ba Mocheso
- Mesebetsi ea Lisebelisoa
- Mesebetsi ea Mekaniki
- Lisebelisoa tsa Oli le Khase le Mesebetsi ea Liphaephe
★Liphaephe tse kobehileng tsa tšepe e sa hloekang / liphaephe tse kobehileng tse ling tsa serapa:
usa
| JEREMANE | JEREMANE | FORA | JAPANE | ITALY | SWEDEN | UK | EU | SPAIN | RASSIA | |
| AISI | DIN 17006 | WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | UNIONE | SIS | BSI | EURONORM | ||
| 201 | SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 304 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 304L Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 304H Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 316 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 316L Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 316H Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 317L Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 321 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 347 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 410 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 904L Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 310S Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 310 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 310H Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 316Ti Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 321H Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 347 Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
l Tšepe e sa Khaotseng 347H Li-Tube tse Ikopantseng/ Li-Tube tsa Coil
★Ho kenya liphaephe tse kobehileng tse se nang seamless ke khetho e le 'ngoe lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa bohlokoa kaha ha ho na kotsi ea litšila tse atisang ho amahanngoa le ho kenya liphaephe tse kobehileng tse kobehileng tse kobehileng.
E fumaneha ka bolelele bo ikhethileng
Polokeho le ts'epo e ntlafetseng ea sistimi
Khanyetso e kholo ea ts'enyeho
u E fokotsa tšebeliso ea li-fittings, e thibela menyetla ea ho lutla le ho hloleha ho hong ha nako e telele
Litšenyehelo tse fokotsehileng tsa ho kenya – ho kenya ho hloka nako le boiteko bo fokolang
Re na le boiphihlelo ba ho romela kantle lihlahisoa tsa tšepe e sa hloekang kantle ho naha ka lilemo tse fetang leshome.
Tlhaloso: Liaocheng sihe thepa ea tšepe e sa hloekang Khamphani e lekanyelitsoeng Tlhahiso ea tšepe e sa hloekang
Koili ea tšepe e na le nalane ea lilemo tse leshome, e na le mela e 'meli ea tlhahiso e ka hlahisang phaephe e qhibilihisitsoeng e tsoelang pele, lisebelisoa li phethahetse, moetapele oa theknoloji. Empa k'hamphani e hlahisitse theknoloji ea annealing e khanyang ea sehlopha sa pele lefatšeng, kalafo ea ho nolofatsa liphaephe tsa tšepe e sa hloekang inthaneteng. Ho phaella moo, re boetse re na le teko e hatelletsoeng, e bulehang, e kobehileng, e thatafetseng ea 100%, e otlollang, teko ea ho tiisa moea le tse ling, theko ea utloahala, boleng boa tšepahala, likhoili tsa US tsa hona joale tsa 80% li romelloa lefatšeng ka bophara.














